Human eyes with dilated pupils induce pupillary contagion in infants.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Fawcett C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5574996 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:When viewing pupil sizes change, our own pupil sizes change, a phenomenon known as pupillary contagion. This involuntary response is reliable between humans but can be affected by familiarity and empathy. We investigated whether the pupillary contagion response occurs for humans viewing familiar species-cats and dogs-and whether it is modulated by preferences for particular species. Pupil sizes were measured while viewing cat, dog and human images with small, medium and large pupils. Trait empathy, cat and dog affiliation and experience were subsequently measured. There was an image pupil size effect, but this did not vary by species. There was greater pupil size change to cats and dogs than to humans, but this might have been due to the varying size and appearance of the cats and dogs. Greater dog affiliation was also associated with smaller overall pupil size change to dogs and larger change to humans, but this did not interact with image pupil size. Dog affiliation might be associated with less arousal to dog images. In sum, pupillary contagion responses indicate a spontaneous transfer of information about internal states and the findings suggest that humans are sensitive to this across species, regardless of individual preference.
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Project description:We report a 24-year-old woman with a presenting complaint of bilateral dilated pupils. The pupils were found to be dilated in bright and dim room lighting with minimal light reaction, showed an accommodation response, but did not demonstrate cholinergic supersensitivity. Neurological examination and neuro-imaging of the patient were normal. Syphilis serology was negative. This case emphasises that tonic pupil may be found in the absence of pupillary cholinergic supersensitivity.
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Project description:There is a striking correlation between terrestrial species' pupil shape and ecological niche (that is, foraging mode and time of day they are active). Species with vertically elongated pupils are very likely to be ambush predators and active day and night. Species with horizontally elongated pupils are very likely to be prey and to have laterally placed eyes. Vertically elongated pupils create astigmatic depth of field such that images of vertical contours nearer or farther than the distance to which the eye is focused are sharp, whereas images of horizontal contours at different distances are blurred. This is advantageous for ambush predators to use stereopsis to estimate distances of vertical contours and defocus blur to estimate distances of horizontal contours. Horizontally elongated pupils create sharp images of horizontal contours ahead and behind, creating a horizontally panoramic view that facilitates detection of predators from various directions and forward locomotion across uneven terrain.
| S-EPMC4643806 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pupil contagion is the phenomenon in which an observer's pupil-diameter changes in response to another person's pupil. Even chimpanzees and infants in early development stages show pupil contagion. This study investigated whether dynamic changes in pupil diameter would induce changes in infants' pupil diameter. We also investigated pupil contagion in the context of different faces. We measured the pupil-diameter of 50 five- to six-month-old infants in response to changes in the pupil diameter (dilating/constricting) of upright and inverted faces. The results showed that (1) in the upright presentation condition, dilating the pupil diameter induced a change in the infants' pupil diameter while constricting the pupil diameter did not induce a change, and (2) pupil contagion occurred only in the upright face presentation, and not in the inverted face presentation. These results indicate the face-inversion effect in infants' pupil contagion.
| S-EPMC8767059 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To account for infants' perceptual and cognitive development, the constructivist model proposes that learning a new object depends on the capability of processing simpler lower-level units, and then integrating these units into more complex higher-level units based on their relationships, such as regular co-occurrence. Here, we demonstrate that the process of associating visual and auditory attributes to build a new multisensory object representation is not only observed in the course of development, but also in the course of infants' in-the-moment information processing. After a brief familiarization session of learning two pairs of novel audiovisual stimuli, 15-month-old infants showed two components in pupil dilations over time: A rapid dilation was observed when processing perceptually novel compared to familiar stimuli, and a slower dilation was observed when processing novel combinations of familiar stimuli. However, in 10-month-old infants, only the effect elicited by novel stimuli was observed. Our results therefore demonstrate that detecting perceptual novelty occurred earlier than detecting association novelty in infants' information processing. These results support the view that infants perceive newly-learned objects by processing their constituent attributes and then integrating these components, as suggested by the constructivist model.
| S-EPMC6015008 | biostudies-other
Project description:Emotions are not simply concepts that live privately in the mind, but rather affective states that emanate from the individual and may influence others. We explored affect contagion in the context of one of the closest dyadic units, mother and infant. We initially separated mothers and infants; randomly assigned the mothers to experience a stressful positive-evaluation task, a stressful negative-evaluation task, or a nonstressful control task; and then reunited the mothers and infants. Three notable findings were obtained: First, infants' physiological reactivity mirrored mothers' reactivity engendered by the stress manipulation. Second, infants whose mothers experienced social evaluation showed more avoidance toward strangers compared with infants whose mothers were in the control condition. Third, the negative-evaluation condition, compared with the other conditions, generated greater physiological covariation in the dyads, and this covariation increased over time. These findings suggest that mothers' stressful experiences are contagious to their infants and that members of close pairs, like mothers and infants, can reciprocally influence each other's dynamic physiological reactivity.
| S-EPMC4073671 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction We describe a newborn female infant with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) presenting with bilateral dilated and fixed pupils. Conclusion Our report is unique because the incidental finding of bilateral dilated and fixed pupils on the newborn exam was the only clinical finding which led to a prompt work-up and eventual diagnosis of SOD.
| S-EPMC4769091 | biostudies-other
Project description:Purpose:To describe two cases of ectopia lentis with different preoperative management strategies following the initial diagnostic dilated exam. Observations:In both cases, the patients presented with bilateral subluxation of the crystalline lens. Neither patient had a known history of Marfan's disease, homocystinuria or other systemic disorders that affect the body's connective tissue possibly leading to lens subluxation. Patient 1 was sent home after dilated fundus examination with no special precautions. That same night, he developed severe right eye pain and further decreased vision. He was found to have complete dislocation of his right crystalline lens into the anterior chamber with corneal edema and an elevated pressure, requiring an urgent pars plana lensectomy. In our second case of ectopia lentis, patient 2 was examined prior to dilation and noted to have bilateral subluxation of the lens into the vitreous. Twenty minutes after dilation, the crystalline lens was noted to be in the anterior chamber in the right eye. The patient was laid supine for several minutes and once the lens was in the posterior cavity, she was given 1% pilocarpine in both eyes to constrict the pupil to prevent dislocation in the anterior chamber. Patient 2 had an uneventful perioperative period and did not suffer worsening subluxation after her initial visit. Conclusion and importance:Unlike patient 1, patient 2 did not suffer further subluxation after her initial dilated eye exam, therefore avoiding a more arduous clinical and surgical course. Patients presenting with completely dislocated lenses may benefit from the reversal of pupillary dilation by being placed in the supine position and given reversal drops such as 1% pilocarpine prior to leaving the office. This method may help prevent complications from anterior lens subluxation and pupillary block glaucoma until definitive surgical managment.
| S-EPMC7153168 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo estimate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) losses associated with a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in glaucoma.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted including both eyes of 103 participants from the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. A total of 77 subjects had glaucoma in at least one eye and 26 were healthy. Pupil responses were assessed using an automated pupillometer that records the magnitude of RAPD as an "RAPD score." Standard automated perimetry (SAP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) also were performed. Retinal ganglion cell counts were estimated using empirical formulas that combine estimates from SAP and OCT. The estimated percentage RGC loss was calculated using the combined structure function index (CSFI).ResultsThere was good correlation between RAPD magnitude and intereye differences in estimated RGCs (R(2) = 0.492, P < 0.001), mean deviation (R(2) = 0.546, P < 0.001), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (R(2) = 0.362, P < 0.001), and CSFI (R(2) = 0.484, P < 0.001). Therefore, a high RAPD score is likely to indicate large asymmetric RGC losses. The relationship between intereye difference in RGC counts and RAPD score was described best by the formula; RGC difference = 21,896 + 353,272 * RAPD score. No healthy subjects had an absolute RAPD score > 0.3, which was associated with asymmetry of 105,982 cells (or 12%).ConclusionsGood correlation between the magnitude of RAPD and intereye differences in mean deviation and estimated RGC counts suggests pupillometry may be useful for quantifying asymmetric damage in glaucoma. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221897.).
| S-EPMC3907131 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sensitive responding to eye cues plays a key role during human social interactions. Observed changes in pupillary size provide a range of socially-relevant information including cues regarding a person's emotional and arousal states. Recently, infants have been found to mimic observed pupillary changes in others, instantiating a foundational mechanism for eye-based social communication. Among adults, perception of pupillary changes is affected by race. Here, we examined whether and how race impacts the neural processing of others' pupillary changes in early ontogeny. We measured 9-month-old infants' brain responses to dilating and constricting pupils in the context of viewing own-race and other-race eyes using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Our results show that only when responding to own-race eyes, infants' brains distinguished between changes in pupillary size. Specifically, infants showed enhanced responses in the right superior temporal cortex when observing own-race pupil dilation. Moreover, when processing other-race pupillary changes, infants recruited the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region linked to cognitive control functions. These findings suggest that, early in development, the fundamental process of responding to pupillary changes is impacted by race and interracial interactions may afford greater cognitive control or effort. This critically informs our understanding of the early origins of responding to pupillary signals in others and further highlights the impact of race on the processing of social signals.
| S-EPMC6416351 | biostudies-literature