Dataset Information

Regional Assessment of Human Fecal Contamination in Southern California Coastal Drainages.

ABSTRACT: Host-associated genetic markers that allow for fecal source identification have been used extensively as a diagnostic tool to determine fecal sources within watersheds, but have not been used in routine monitoring to prioritize remediation actions among watersheds. Here, we present a regional assessment of human marker prevalence among drainages that discharge to the U.S. southern California coast. Approximately 50 samples were analyzed for the HF183 human marker from each of 22 southern California coastal drainages under summer dry weather conditions, and another 50 samples were targeted from each of 23 drainages during wet weather. The HF183 marker was ubiquitous, detected in all but two sites in dry weather and at all sites during wet weather. However, there was considerable difference in the extent of human fecal contamination among sites. Similar site ranking was produced regardless of whether the assessment was based on frequency of HF183 detection or site average HF183 concentration. However, site ranking differed greatly between dry and wet weather. Site ranking also differed greatly when based on enterococci, which do not distinguish between pollution sources, vs. HF183, which distinguishes higher risk human fecal sources from other sources, indicating the additional value of the human-associated marker as a routine monitoring tool.

SUBMITTER: Cao Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5580578 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Regional Assessment of Human Fecal Contamination in Southern California Coastal Drainages.

Cao Yiping Y Raith Meredith R MR Smith Paul D PD Griffith John F JF Weisberg Stephen B SB Schriewer Alexander A Sheldon Andrew A Crompton Chris C Amenu Geremew G GG Gregory Jason J Guzman Joe J Goodwin Kelly D KD Othman Laila L Manasjan Mayela M Choi Samuel S Rapoport Shana S Steele Syreeta S Nguyen Tommy T Yu Xueyuan X

International journal of environmental research and public health 20170804 8

Host-associated genetic markers that allow for fecal source identification have been used extensively as a diagnostic tool to determine fecal sources within watersheds, but have not been used in routine monitoring to prioritize remediation actions among watersheds. Here, we present a regional assessment of human marker prevalence among drainages that discharge to the U.S. southern California coast. Approximately 50 samples were analyzed for the HF183 human marker from each of 22 southern Califor ...[more]

PMID: 28777324

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Project description:BackgroundThere is growing evidence that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, but little guidance exists for implementation of FMT programs. The objective of this study is to describe the program characteristics and protocols of 9 planned or operating FMT programs in the Southern Ontario Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (SOFT) Movement, to help guide future FMT program implementation.MethodsA 59-item survey was administered electronically to clinical leads of the SOFT Movement on June 2, 2016. The survey evaluated 7 domains: FMT program characteristics, FMT recipients, donor screening/selection, transplant manufacturing, FMT administration, good manufacturing procedures/biosafety procedures and infection-control procedures. We used descriptive statistics to analyze quantitative data.ResultsAll 9 programs responded to the survey: 6 were active, 1 had FMT standard operating procedures developed but did not have clinical experience, and 2 were in the process of forming FMT programs. All 6 active programs performed FMT in adult patients with C. difficile infection. About 1300 FMT procedures were performed between 2003 and 2016. Five of the 6 operating programs administered the preparation via enema. Programs were driven primarily by physicians. All programs used universal FMT donors and followed Health Canada's screening guidelines, with considerable variability in screening frequency (every 3-6 mo) and modality. Locations for transplant preparation and manufacturing protocols varied across programs. Stool mass for FMT ranged from 20 g to 150 g, and transplant volume ranged from 25 mL to 300 mL.InterpretationThe experience of this high-volume regional FMT network highlights current challenges in FMT program development, including a high reliance on physicians and the costly nature of donor screening. Standardization and optimization through development of regional centres of excellence for FMT donor recruitment and administration should be explored.

Project description:The model prokaryote Escherichia coli can exist as a either a commensal or a pathogen in the gut of diverse mammalian hosts. These associations, coupled with its ease of cultivation and genetic variability, have made E. coli a popular indicator organism for tracking the origin of fecal water contamination. Source tracking accuracy is predicated on the assumption that E. coli isolates recovered from contaminated water present a genetic signature characteristic of the host from which they originated. In this study, we compared the accuracy with which E. coli isolated from humans, bear, cattle and deer could be identified by standard fingerprinting methods used for library-based microbial source tracking (repetitive element PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) in relation to microarray-based analysis of genome content. Our results show that patterns of gene presence or absence were more useful for distinguishing E. coli isolates from different sources than traditional fingerprinting methods, particularly in the case of human strains. Host-associated differences in genome composition included the presence or absence of mobile IS1 elements as well as genes encoding the ferric dicitrate iron transporter (fec), E. coli common pilus (ECP), type 1 fimbriae and the CRISPR associated cas proteins. Many of these differences occurred in regions of the E. coli chromosome previously shown to be M-bM-^@M-^\hot spotsM-bM-^@M-^] for the integration of horizontally-acquired DNA. PCR primers designed to amplify the IS1 and fec loci confirmed array results and demonstrated the ease with which gene presence/absence data can be converted into a diagnostic assay. The data presented here suggest that, despite the high level of genetic diversity observed among isolates by PFGE, human-derived strains may constitute a distinct ecotype distinguished by multiple potential library-independent source tracking markers. Twelve isolates of E. coli ( 3 from bear, 3 from cattle, 3 from deer and 3 from humans) were isolated from feces and/or raw sewage. Genome content for each strain was assessed in duplicate using comparative genome hybridization with E. coli K12 MG1655 as the reference for a total of 24 arrays.

Dataset Information

Regional Assessment of Human Fecal Contamination in Southern California Coastal Drainages.

Publications

Regional Assessment of Human Fecal Contamination in Southern California Coastal Drainages.

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