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Using HIV Viral Load From Surveillance to Estimate the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION:HIV surveillance programs do not typically collect comprehensive data on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We validated a population-based measure of ART initiation that uses HIV viral load (VL) results in the absence of data on ART. METHODS:We used CD4/VL data reported to NYC HIV Surveillance for persons aged ?13 years and diagnosed with HIV from 2006 to 2012 to validate estimates of ART initiation date based on 3 ART initiation definitions: (1) ?1-log decline in copies per milliliter between 2 VLs over 3 months; (2) ?2-log decline in copies per milliliter between 2 VLs over 3 months; and (3) the earliest of either a ?1-log decline in VL over 3 months, or a change from detectable VL to undetectable VL (<400 copies/mL) over any interval. We plotted median CD4 counts by quarter before and after ART initiation to compare estimated initiation date with nadir of the CD4 trajectory. RESULTS:A total of 24,348 persons were diagnosed with HIV in NYC from 2006 to 2012. In all, 12,123 persons had probable ART initiation based on ?2-log decline, 12,719 based on ?1-log decline, and 14,311 based on ?1-log decline or detectable-undetectable change. Lowest median CD4 count occurred at the estimated ART initiation date for all 3 definitions. The definition based on a ?1-log VL decline or a change from detectable to undetectable VL captured more ART initiations and identified earlier initiation dates. CONCLUSIONS:Serial VL measures are a valid source for estimating ART initiation. A definition that includes a ?1-log VL decline or a change from detectable to undetectable VL performed best.

SUBMITTER: Braunstein SL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5584788 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Using HIV Viral Load From Surveillance to Estimate the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.

Braunstein Sarah L SL Robertson McKaylee M MM Myers Julie J Nash Denis D

Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 20161001 2

<h4>Introduction</h4>HIV surveillance programs do not typically collect comprehensive data on antiretroviral therapy (ART). We validated a population-based measure of ART initiation that uses HIV viral load (VL) results in the absence of data on ART.<h4>Methods</h4>We used CD4/VL data reported to NYC HIV Surveillance for persons aged ≥13 years and diagnosed with HIV from 2006 to 2012 to validate estimates of ART initiation date based on 3 ART initiation definitions: (1) ≥1-log decline in copies ...[more]

PMID: 27152466

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Project description:The rates of death are high among patients with coinfection with tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The optimal timing for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in relation to tuberculosis therapy remains controversial.In an open-label, randomized, controlled trial in Durban, South Africa, we assigned 642 patients with both tuberculosis and HIV infection to start antiretroviral therapy either during tuberculosis therapy (in two integrated-therapy groups) or after the completion of such treatment (in one sequential-therapy group). The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on a positive sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli. Only patients with HIV infection and a CD4+ cell count of less than 500 per cubic millimeter were included. All patients received standard tuberculosis therapy, prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and a once-daily antiretroviral regimen of didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz. The primary end point was death from any cause.This analysis compares data from the sequential-therapy group and the combined integrated-therapy groups up to September 1, 2008, when the data and safety monitoring committee recommended that all patients receive integrated antiretroviral therapy. There was a reduction in the rate of death among the 429 patients in the combined integrated-therapy groups (5.4 deaths per 100 person-years, or 25 deaths), as compared with the 213 patients in the sequential-therapy group (12.1 per 100 person-years, or 27 deaths); a relative reduction of 56% (hazard ratio in the combined integrated-therapy groups, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.79; P=0.003). Mortality was lower in the combined integrated-therapy groups in all CD4+ count strata. Rates of adverse events during follow-up were similar in the two study groups.The initiation of antiretroviral therapy during tuberculosis therapy significantly improved survival and provides further impetus for the integration of tuberculosis and HIV services. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00398996.)

Project description:BackgroundHIV incidence is the best measure of treatment-programme effectiveness, but its measurement is difficult and expensive. The concept of community viral load as a modifiable driver of new HIV infections has attracted substantial attention. We set out to compare several measures of community viral load and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage as correlates of HIV incidence in high-risk populations.MethodsWe analysed data from a sample of people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men, who were participants of the baseline assessment of a cluster-randomised trial in progress across 22 cities in India (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01686750). We recruited the study population by use of respondent-driven sampling and did the baseline assessment at 27 community-based sites (12 for men who have sex with men and 15 for people who inject drugs). We estimated HIV incidence with a multiassay algorithm and calculated five community-based measures of HIV control: mean log10 HIV RNA in participants with HIV in a community either engaged in care (in-care viral load), aware of their status but not necessarily in care (aware viral load), or all HIV-positive individuals whether they were aware, in care, or not (population viral load); participants with HIV in a community with HIV RNA more than 150 copies per mL (prevalence of viraemia); and the proportion of participants with HIV who self-reported ART use in the previous 30 days (population ART coverage). All participants were tested for HIV, with additional testing in HIV-positive individuals. We assessed correlations between the measures and HIV incidence with Spearman correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis.FindingsBetween Oct 1, 2012, and Dec 19, 2013, we recruited 26,503 participants, 12,022 men who have sex with men and 14,481 people who inject drugs. Median incidence of HIV was 0·87% (IQR 0·40-1·17) in men who have sex with men and 1·43% (0·60-4·00) in people who inject drugs. Prevalence of viraemia was more strongly correlated with HIV incidence (correlation 0·81, 95% CI 0·62-0·91; p<0·0001) than all other measures, although correlation was significant with aware viral load (0·59, 0·27-0·79; p=0·001), population viral load (0·51, 0·16-0·74; p=0·007), and population ART coverage (-0·54, -0·76 to -0·20; p=0·004). In-care viral load was not correlated with HIV incidence (0·29, -0·10 to 0·60; p=0·14). With regression analysis, we estimated that to reduce HIV incidence by 1 percentage point in a community, prevalence of viraemia would need to be reduced by 4·34%, and ART use in HIV-positive individuals would need to increase by 19·5%.InterpretationPrevalence of viraemia had the strongest correlation with HIV incidence in this sample and might be a useful measure of the effectiveness of a treatment programme.FundingUS National Institutes of Health, Elton John AIDS Foundation.

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Using HIV Viral Load From Surveillance to Estimate the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.

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Using HIV Viral Load From Surveillance to Estimate the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.

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