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Discovery of a Benzamide Derivative That Protects Pancreatic ?-Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

ABSTRACT: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated pancreatic insulin-producing ?-cell dysfunction and death are critical elements in the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Here, through cell-based high throughput screening we identified benzamide derivatives as a novel class of ?-cell protective agents against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death. Through structure-activity relationship optimization, a 3-(N-piperidinyl)methylbenzamide derivative 13d markedly protects ?-cells against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death with near 100% maximum rescue activity and an EC50 of 0.032 ?M. Compound 13d alleviates ER stress in ?-cells by suppressing ER stress-mediated activation of all three branches of unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptotic genes. Finally, we show that 13d significantly lowers blood glucose levels and increases concomitant ?-cell survival and number in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Identification of ?-cell-protective small molecules against ER stress provides a new promising modality for the treatment of diabetes.

SUBMITTER: Duan H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5605278 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Discovery of a Benzamide Derivative That Protects Pancreatic β-Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

Duan Hongliang H Li Yu Y Arora Daleep D Xu Depeng D Lim Hui-Ying HY Wang Weidong W

Journal of medicinal chemistry 20170711 14

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated pancreatic insulin-producing β-cell dysfunction and death are critical elements in the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Here, through cell-based high throughput screening we identified benzamide derivatives as a novel class of β-cell protective agents against ER stress-induced dysfunction and death. Through structure-activity relationship optimization, a 3-(N-piperidinyl)methylbenzamide derivative 13d markedly protects β-cells a ...[more]

PMID: 28696115

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Project description:BackgroundCisplatin (CDDP), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, can induce excessive granulosa cell apoptosis, follicle loss and even premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, the mechanism remains elusive, although some studies have indicated the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). The aim of our study was to investigate the possible mechanism ERS in CDDP-induced granulosa cell apoptosis and follicle loss.MethodsA POI mouse model was generated by CDDP. The ovaries samples were collected and processed for isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis (iTRAQ) to screen out our interested proteins of HSPA5 and HSP90AB1, and the decline in their expression were verified by a real-time quantitative PCR and a western blotting assay. In vitro, human granulosa cells, KGN and COV434 cells were transfected with siRNA targeting HSPA5 and HSP90AB1 and then treated with CDDP, or treated with CDDP with/without CDDP+?4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA). The levels of ERS, autophagy and apoptosis were evaluated by western blotting, DALGreen staining and flow cytometry. In vivo, ovaries from mice that received intraperitoneal injections of saline, CDDP, CDDP+?4-PBA and CDDP+?3-MA were assayed by immunofluorescence, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for follicle counting, and terminal-deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining for cell apoptosis assay. The plasma hormone levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.ResultsWe have clarified the relationships between ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis in CDDP-induced granulosa cell apoptosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Alleviating ERS by inhibiting HSPA5 and HSP90AB1 attenuated CDDP-induced autophagy and apoptosis. 4-PBA treatment significantly attenuated CDDP-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis in cultured KGN and COV434 cells. However, inhibiting cell autophagy with 3-MA negligibly restored the CDDP-induced changes in ERS and apoptosis. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that treatment with 4-PBA, but not 3-MA, prevented CDDP-induced ovarian damage and hormone dysregulation.ConclusionsCDDP-induced ERS could promote autophagy and apoptosis in granulosa cells, causing excessive follicle loss and endocrine disorders. Alleviation of ERS with 4-PBA, but not of autophagy with 3-MA, protect against CDDP-induced granulosa cell apoptosis and ovarian damage. Thus, 4-PBA can be used to protect the ovary during chemotherapy in women.

Project description:ObjectiveActivating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a transcriptional regulator of the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response (ISR) that promote the restoration of normal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. Previous reports demonstrated that dysregulation of the ISR led to development of severe diabetes. However, the contribution of ATF4 to pancreatic β-cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of ISR enhancer Sephin1 and ATF4-deficient β-cells to clarify the role of ATF4 in β-cells under ER stress conditions.MethodsTo examine the role of ATF4 in vivo, ISR enhancer Sephin1 (5 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was administered daily for 21 days to Akita mice. We also established β-cell-specific Atf4 knockout (βAtf4-KO) mice that were further crossed with Akita mice. These mice were analyzed for characteristics of diabetes, β-cell function, and morphology of the islets. To identify the downstream factors of ATF4 in β-cells, the islets of βAtf4-KO mice were subjected to cDNA microarray analyses. To examine the transcriptional regulation by ATF4, we also performed in situ PCR analysis of pancreatic sections from mice and ChIP-qPCR analysis of CT215 β-cells.ResultsAdministration of the ISR enhancer Sephin1 improved glucose metabolism in Akita mice. Sephin1 also increased the insulin-immunopositive area and ATF4 expression in the pancreatic islets. Akita/βAtf4-KO mice exhibited dramatically exacerbated diabetes, shown by hyperglycemia at an early age, as well as a remarkably short lifespan owing to diabetic ketoacidosis. Moreover, the islets of Akita/βAtf4-KO mice presented increased numbers of cells stained for glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member 3, a marker of dedifferentiation. Using microarray analysis, we identified atonal BHLH transcription factor 8 (ATOH8) as a downstream factor of ATF4. Deletion of ATF4 in β-cells showed reduced Atoh8 expression and increased expression of undifferentiated markers, Nanog and Pou5f1. Atoh8 expression was also abolished in the islets of Akita/βAtf4-KO mice.ConclusionsWe conclude that transcriptional regulation by ATF4 maintains β-cell identity via ISR modulation. This mechanism provides a promising target for the treatment of diabetes.

Dataset Information

Discovery of a Benzamide Derivative That Protects Pancreatic ?-Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

Publications

Discovery of a Benzamide Derivative That Protects Pancreatic β-Cells against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

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