Commentary: HNRNPLL, a newly identified colorectal cancer metastasis suppressor, modulates alternative splicing of CD44 during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Baranwal S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5650611 | biostudies-literature | 2017
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Commentary: HNRNPLL, a newly identified colorectal cancer metastasis suppressor, modulates alternative splicing of <i>CD44</i> during epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 20171016
Similar Datasets
Project description:The transition from naïve to activated T cells is marked by alternative splicing of pre-mRNA encoding the transmembrane phosphatase CD45. Using a short hairpin RNA interference screen, we identified heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNPLL) as a critical inducible regulator of CD45 alternative splicing. HnRNPLL was up-regulated in stimulated T cells, bound CD45 transcripts, and was both necessary and sufficient for CD45 alternative splicing. Depletion or overexpression of hnRNPLL in B and T cell lines and primary T cells resulted in reciprocal alteration of CD45RA and RO expression. Exon array analysis suggested that hnRNPLL acts as a global regulator of alternative splicing in activated T cells. Induction of hnRNPLL during hematopoietic cell activation and differentiation may allow cells to rapidly shift their transcriptomes to favor proliferation and inhibit cell death.
| S-EPMC2791692 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alternative splicing is often deregulated in cancer, and cancer-specific isoform switches are part of the oncogenic transformation of cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that isoforms of the multifunctional cell-surface glycoprotein CD44 play different roles in cancer cells as compared to normal cells. In particular, the shift of CD44 isoforms is required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is crucial for the maintenance of pluripotency in normal human cells and the acquisition of cancer stem cells phenotype for malignant cells. The growing and seemingly promising use of splicing inhibitors for treating cancer and other pathologies gives hope for the prospect of using such an approach to regulate CD44 alternative splicing. This review integrates current knowledge about regulating CD44 alternative splicing by RNA-binding proteins.
| S-EPMC10722200 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The regulatory circuitry underlying embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal is well defined, but how this circuitry is disintegrated to enable lineage specification is unclear. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have essential roles in RNA-mediated gene regulation, and preliminary data suggest that they might regulate ES cell fate. By combining bioinformatic analyses with functional screening, we identified seven RBPs played important roles for the exit from pluripotency of ES cells. We characterized hnRNPLL, which mainly functions as a global regulator of alternative splicing in ES cells. Specifically, hnRNPLL promotes multiple ES cell-preferred exon skipping events during the onset of ES cell differentiation. hnRNPLL depletion thus leads to sustained expression of ES cell-preferred isoforms, resulting in a differentiation deficiency that causes developmental defects and growth impairment in hnRNPLL-KO mice. In particular, hnRNPLL-mediated alternative splicing of two transcription factors, Bptf and Tbx3, is important for pluripotency exit. These data uncover the critical role of RBPs in pluripotency exit and suggest the application of targeting RBPs in controlling ES cell fate.
| S-EPMC7883296 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There is increasing evidence to suggest that splicing decisions are largely made when the nascent RNA is still associated with chromatin. Here we demonstrate that activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) influences splice site selection. Using splicing-sensitive microarrays, we identified ∼700 genes whose splicing was altered after HDAC inhibition. We provided evidence that HDAC inhibition induced histone H4 acetylation and increased RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) processivity along an alternatively spliced element. In addition, HDAC inhibition reduced co-transcriptional association of the splicing regulator SRp40 with the target fibronectin exon. We further showed that the depletion of HDAC1 had similar effect on fibronectin alternative splicing as global HDAC inhibition. Importantly, this effect was reversed upon expression of mouse HDAC1 but not a catalytically inactive mutant. These results provide a molecular insight into a complex modulation of splicing by HDACs and chromatin modifications.
| S-EPMC3032741 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The human CD44 gene encodes multiple isoforms of a transmembrane protein that differ in their extracellular domains as a result of alternative splicing of its variable exons. Expression of CD44 is tightly regulated according to the type and physiological status of a cell, with expression of high molecular weight isoforms by inclusion of variable exons and low molecular weight isoforms containing few or no variable exons. Human CD44 variable exon 3 (v3) can follow a specific alternative splicing route different from that affecting other variable exons. Here we map and functionally describe the splicing enhancer element within CD44 exon v3 which regulates its inclusion in the final mRNA. The v3 splicing enhancer is a multisite bipartite element consisting of a tandem nonamer, the XX motif, and an heptamer, the Y motif, located centrally in the exon. Each of the three sites of this multisite enhancer partially retains its splicing enhancing capacity independently from each other in CD44 and shows full enhancing function in gene contexts different from CD44. We further demonstrate that these motifs act cooperatively as at least two motifs are needed to maintain exon inclusion. Their action is differential with respect to the splice-site target abutting v3. The first X motif acts on the 3' splice site, the second X motif acts on both splice sites (as a bidirectional exonic splicing enhancer), and the Y motif acts on the 5' splice site. We also show that the multisite v3 splicing enhancer is functional irrespective of flanking intron length and spatial organization within v3.
| S-EPMC2080591 | biostudies-literature
Project description:HnRNPLL was identified as a critical regulator of CD45 alternative splicing in a lentiviral shRNA screen. RNAi-mediated depletion of hnRNPLL eliminated the activation-induced induced transition from the CD45RA to the CD45RO isoform. HnRNPLL is induced during the process of T cell activation, raising the possibility that it regulates a broad program of alternative splicing in activated T cells. To test this possibility and to identify additional potential targets of hnRNPLL, we performed exon array analysis on RNA isolated from five cellular conditions: 1) activated peripheral CD4+ T cells, 2) peripheral CD4+ T cells infected with a control shRNA directed against GFP, 3) peripheral CD4+ T infected with an shRNA directed against hnRNPLL, 4) naïve cord blood CD4+ T cells, and 5) cord blood CD4+ T cells that had been activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 24 hours. The RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix human exon arrays and the hybridization signals were analyzed with XRAYTM software (Biotique). Using stringent filters for non-expressed probesets, we identified 132 genes that showed significant alternative exon usage (p<0.01) in response to hnRNPLL knockdown, but not in response to shGFP infection. Of these 132 genes, 36 also showed significant alternative exon usage in response to activation of cord blood cells, which results in an approximate 5-fold increase in hnRNPLL expression. We thus conclude that induction of hnRNPLL represents a mechanism by which cells can rapidly shift their transcriptomes during the process of T cell activation. This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.
2008-06-20 | GSE11834 | GEO
Project description:An epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to be a necessary precursor to prostate cancer metastasis. Additionally, the differential expression and splicing of mRNAs has been identified as a key means to distinguish epithelial from mesenchymal cells by qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. However, few markers exist to differentiate between these cells by flow cytometry. We previously developed two cell lines, PC3-Epi (epithelial) and PC3-EMT (mesenchymal). RNAseq was used to determine the differential expression of membrane proteins on PC3-Epi/EMT. We used western blotting, qPCR and flow cytometry to validate the RNAseq results. CD44 was one of six membrane proteins found to be differentially spliced between epithelial and mesenchymal PC3 cells. Although total CD44 was positive in all PC3-Epi/EMT cells, PC3-Epi cells had a higher level of CD44v6 (CD44 variant exon 6). CD44v6 was able to differentiate epithelial from mesenchymal prostate cancer cells using either flow cytometry, western blotting or qPCR.
| S-EPMC4391735 | biostudies-literature
Project description:HnRNPLL was identified as a critical regulator of CD45 alternative splicing in a lentiviral shRNA screen. RNAi-mediated depletion of hnRNPLL eliminated the activation-induced induced transition from the CD45RA to the CD45RO isoform. HnRNPLL is induced during the process of T cell activation, raising the possibility that it regulates a broad program of alternative splicing in activated T cells. To test this possibility and to identify additional potential targets of hnRNPLL, we performed exon array analysis on RNA isolated from five cellular conditions: 1) activated peripheral CD4+ T cells, 2) peripheral CD4+ T cells infected with a control shRNA directed against GFP, 3) peripheral CD4+ T infected with an shRNA directed against hnRNPLL, 4) naïve cord blood CD4+ T cells, and 5) cord blood CD4+ T cells that had been activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 for 24 hours. The RNA was hybridized to Affymetrix human exon arrays and the hybridization signals were analyzed with XRAYTM software (Biotique). Using stringent filters for non-expressed probesets, we identified 132 genes that showed significant alternative exon usage (p<0.01) in response to hnRNPLL knockdown, but not in response to shGFP infection. Of these 132 genes, 36 also showed significant alternative exon usage in response to activation of cord blood cells, which results in an approximate 5-fold increase in hnRNPLL expression. We thus conclude that induction of hnRNPLL represents a mechanism by which cells can rapidly shift their transcriptomes during the process of T cell activation. This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE11832: naive/activated ANOVA group GSE11833: LL-sh4/uninfected/shGFP ANOVA group
2010-09-15 | E-GEOD-11834 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Retention of a subset of introns in spliced polyadenylated mRNA is emerging as a frequent, unexplained finding from RNA deep sequencing in mammalian cells.Here we analyze intron retention in T lymphocytes by deep sequencing polyadenylated RNA. We show a developmentally regulated RNA-binding protein, hnRNPLL, induces retention of specific introns by sequencing RNA from T cells with an inactivating Hnrpll mutation and from B lymphocytes that physiologically downregulate Hnrpll during their differentiation. In Ptprc mRNA encoding the tyrosine phosphatase CD45, hnRNPLL induces selective retention of introns flanking exons 4 to 6; these correspond to the cassette exons containing hnRNPLL binding sites that are skipped in cells with normal, but not mutant or low, hnRNPLL. We identify similar patterns of hnRNPLL-induced differential intron retention flanking alternative exons in 14 other genes, representing novel elements of the hnRNPLL-induced splicing program in T cells. Retroviral expression of a normally spliced cDNA for one of these targets, Senp2, partially corrects the survival defect of Hnrpll-mutant T cells. We find that integrating a number of computational methods to detect genes with differentially retained introns provides a strategy to enrich for alternatively spliced exons in mammalian RNA-seq data, when complemented by RNA-seq analysis of purified cells with experimentally perturbed RNA-binding proteins.Our findings demonstrate that intron retention in mRNA is induced by specific RNA-binding proteins and suggest a biological significance for this process in marking exons that are poised for alternative splicing.
| S-EPMC4053824 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alternative splicing of genes is an efficient means of generating variation in protein function. Several disease states have been associated with rare genetic variants that affect splicing patterns. Conversely, splicing efficiency of some genes is known to vary between individuals without apparent ill effects. What is not clear is whether commonly observed phenotypic variation in splicing patterns, and hence potential variation in protein function, is to a significant extent determined by naturally occurring DNA sequence variation and in particular by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In this study, we surveyed the splicing patterns of 250 exons in 22 individuals who had been previously genotyped by the International HapMap Project. We identified 70 simple cassette exon alternative splicing events in our experimental system; for six of these, we detected consistent differences in splicing pattern between individuals, with a highly significant association between splice phenotype and neighbouring SNPs. Remarkably, for five out of six of these events, the strongest correlation was found with the SNP closest to the intron-exon boundary, although the distance between these SNPs and the intron-exon boundary ranged from 2 bp to greater than 1,000 bp. Two of these SNPs were further investigated using a minigene splicing system, and in each case the SNPs were found to exert cis-acting effects on exon splicing efficiency in vitro. The functional consequences of these SNPs could not be predicted using bioinformatic algorithms. Our findings suggest that phenotypic variation in splicing patterns is determined by the presence of SNPs within flanking introns or exons. Effects on splicing may represent an important mechanism by which SNPs influence gene function.
| S-EPMC1904363 | biostudies-literature