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The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor DRNL Modulates Gynoecium Development and Affects Its Response to Cytokinin.

ABSTRACT: The gynoecium is the female reproductive system in flowering plants. It is a complex structure formed by different tissues, some that are essential for reproduction and others that facilitate the fertilization process and nurture and protect the developing seeds. The coordinated development of these different tissues during the formation of the gynoecium is important for reproductive success. Both hormones and genetic regulators guide the development of the different tissues. Auxin and cytokinin in particular have been found to play important roles in this process. On the other hand, the AP2/ERF2 transcription factor BOL/DRNL/ESR2/SOB is expressed at very early stages of aerial organ formation and has been proposed to be a marker for organ founder cells. In this work, we found that this gene is also expressed at later stages during gynoecium development, particularly at the lateral regions (the region related to the valves of the ovary). The loss of DRNL function affects gynoecium development. Some of the mutant phenotypes present similarities to those observed in plants treated with exogenous cytokinins, and AHP6 has been previously proposed to be a target of DRNL. Therefore, we explored the response of drnl-2 developing gynoecia to cytokinins, and found that the loss of DRNL function affects the response of the gynoecium to exogenously applied cytokinins in a developmental-stage-dependent manner. In summary, this gene participates during gynoecium development, possibly through the dynamic modulation of cytokinin homeostasis and response.

SUBMITTER: Duran-Medina Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5662920 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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An apple (Malus domestica) AP2/ERF transcription factor modulates carotenoid accumulation.

Project description:Color is an important trait for horticultural crops. Carotenoids are one of the main pigments for coloration and have important implications for photosynthesis in plants and benefits for human health. Here, we identified an APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factor named MdAP2-34 in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). MdAP2-34 expression exhibited a close correlation with carotenoid content in 'Benin Shogun' and 'Yanfu 3' fruit flesh. MdAP2-34 promotes carotenoid accumulation in MdAP2-34-OVX transgenic apple calli and fruits by participating in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. The major carotenoid contents of phytoene and β-carotene were much higher in overexpressing MdAP2-34 transgenic calli and fruit skin, yet the predominant compound of lutein showed no obvious difference, indicating that MdAP2-34 regulates phytoene and β-carotene accumulation but not lutein. MdPSY2-1 (phytoene synthase 2) is a major gene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in apple fruit, and the MdPSY2-1 gene is directly bound and transcriptionally activated by MdAP2-34. In addition, overexpressing MdPSY2-1 in apple calli mainly increases phytoene and total carotenoid contents. Our findings will advance and extend our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in apple, and this research is valuable for accelerating the apple breeding process.

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An AP2/ERF transcription factor confers chilling tolerance in rice.

Project description:Cold stress, a prominent adverse environmental factor, severely hinders rice growth and productivity. Unraveling the complex mechanisms governing chilling tolerance in rice is crucial for molecular breeding of cold-tolerant varieties. Here, we identify an APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor, OsERF52, as a positive modulator in response to low temperatures. OsERF52 directly regulates the expression of C-Repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes in rice. In addition, Osmotic Stress/ABA-Activated Protein Kinase 9-mediated phosphorylation of OsERF52 at S261 enhances its stability and interaction with Ideal Plant Architecture 1 and OsbHLH002/OsICE1. This collaborative activation leads to the expression of OsCBFs, thereby initiating the chilling response in rice. Notably, plants with base-edited OsERF52S261D-3HA exhibit enhanced chilling resistance without yield penalty. Our findings unveil the mechanism orchestrated by a regulatory framework involving a protein kinase and transcription factors from diverse families, offering potential genetic resources for developing chilling-tolerant rice varieties.

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The AP2/ERF Transcription Factor TINY Modulates Brassinosteroid-Regulated Plant Growth and Drought Response in Arabidopsis

Project description:The functions of AP2/ERF family transcription factors in stress responses are well documented, but their roles in the brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth and stress responses have not been established. Here we show that stress-inducible AP2/ERF family transcription factor TINY inhibits BR-regulated growth while promoting drought response. TINY overexpression plants have stunted growth, increased sensitivity to BR biosynthesis inhibitors and compromised BR-responsive gene expression. In contrast, a tiny tiny2 tiny3 triple mutant has increased BR-regulated growth and BR-responsive gene expression. TINY positively regulates drought response by activating drought responsive genes and promoting abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closure. Global gene expression studies revealed that TINY and BRs oppositely regulate genes involved in plant growth and stress response. TINY interacts with and antagonizes BES1 in the regulation of these genes. The GSK3-like protein kinase BIN2, a negative regulator in the BR pathway, phosphorylates and stabilizes TINY, providing a mechanism for BR-mediated down-regulation of TINY to prevent activation of stress response under optimal growth conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TINY is negatively regulated by BR signaling through BIN2 phosphorylation and positively regulates drought response, as well as inhibits BR-mediated plant growth through TINY-BES1 antagonistic interactions. Our results thus provide insight into the coordination of BR-regulated growth and drought responses.

2019-03-28 | GSE128946 | GEO

Characterization of the APETALA2/Ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factor family in sunflower.

Project description:One of the most prominent families of genes in plants is the AP2/ERF which play an important role in regulating plant growth and responses to various stresses. In this research, a genome-wide survey was conducted to recognize the AP2/ERF genes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and a total of 288 HaAP2/ERF was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into four sub-families, including 248 ERF, 4 RAV and 35 AP2, and one subgroup of the Soloist family. Localization of chromosome, gene structure, the conserved motif, gene ontology, interaction networks, homology modeling, the modeling of cis-regulatory elements and the analysis of events in the duplication of genes were carried out for HaAP2/ERF genes. Finally, 9AP2/ERF genes were chosen to confirm the gene expression of the selected genes in leaf and root tissues in various abiotic stress conditions by qPCR. The results confirmed that AP2/ERFs genes could effectively resist abiotic stress. Also, proline content was studied under drought, salinity, cold and heat stress. The results indicated that proline was increased under abiotic stress. This research has been done for the first time to determine the HaAP2/ERF family, which prepared valuable data for the evolutionary and practical research regarding AP2/ERF in sunflower.

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Combinatorial signal integration by APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (ERF)-transcription factors and the involvement of AP2-2 in starvation response.

Project description:Transcription factors of the APETALA 2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF)- family have been implicated in diverse processes during development, stress acclimation and retrograde signaling. Fifty-three leaf-expressed AP2/ERFs were screened for their transcriptional response to abscisic acid (ABA), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), methylviologen (MV), sucrose and high or low light, respectively, and revealed high reactivity to these effectors. Six of them (AP2-2, ARF14, CEJ1, ERF8, ERF11, RAP2.5) were selected for combinatorial response analysis to ABA, DCMU and high light. Additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects demonstrated that these transcription factors are components of multiple signaling pathways. AP2-2 (At1g79700) was subjected to an in depth study. AP2-2 transcripts were high under conditions linked to limited carbohydrate availability and stress and down-regulated in extended light phase, high light or in the presence of sugar. ap2-2 knock out plants had unchanged metabolite profiles and transcript levels of co-expressed genes in extended darkness. However, ap2-2 revealed more efficient germination and faster early growth under high sugar, osmotic or salinity stress, but the difference was abolished in the absence of sugar or during subsequent growth. It is suggested that AP2-2 is involved in mediating starvation-related and hormonal signals.

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The AP2/ERF transcription factor SlERF52 functions in flower pedicel abscission in tomato.

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Identification of ERF-1 as a member of the AP2 transcription factor family.

Project description:The ERF-1 transcription factor was previously shown to be involved in the regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) gene transcription in hormonally responsive breast and endometrial carcinomas. In this study we sought to identify the gene for ERF-1. ERF-1 activates ER gene transcription by binding to the imperfect palindrome CCCTGCGGGG within the promoter of the ER gene. ERF-1 protein was purified from the ER-positive breast carcinoma cell line, MCF7, utilizing ion exchange and DNA affinity chromatography. Peptide sequence analysis was used to isolate a 2.7 kb cDNA clone from an MCF7 cDNA library. This cDNA encodes a protein of 48 kDa previously identified as the AP2gamma transcription factor. By gel-shift analysis, in vitro synthesized ERF-1 comigrates with MCF7 native ERF-1 complex and demonstrates identical sequence binding specificity as native ERF-1. In addition, AP2 polyclonal antisera supershifts both in vitro synthesized and native ERF-1 complexes. These results show that ERF-1 is a member of the AP2 family of developmentally regulated transcription factors. Given the central role of ER expression in breast carcinoma biology, ERF-1 is likely to regulate expression of a set of genes characteristic of the hormonally-responsive breast cancer phenotype.

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Isolation and characterization of six AP2/ERF transcription factor genes in Chrysanthemum nankingense.

Project description:The AP2/ERF family of plant transcription factors (TFs) regulate a variety of developmental and physiological processes. Here, we report the isolation of six AP2/ERF TF family genes from Chrysanthemum nankingense. On the basis of sequence similarity, one of these belonged to the Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) subfamily and the other five to the Dehydration Responsive Element Binding protein (DREB) subfamily. A transient expression experiment showed that all six AP2/ERF proteins localized to the nucleus. A yeast-one hybrid assay demonstrated that CnDREB1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 all function as transactivators, while CnERF1, CnDREB3-1 and 3-2 have no transcriptional activation ability. The transcription response of the six TFs in response to wounding, salinity and low temperature stress and treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) showed that CnERF1 was up-regulated by wounding and low temperature stress but suppressed by salinity stress. The transcription of CnDREB1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 was down-regulated by ABA and JA to varying degrees. CnDREB3-1 and 3-2 was moderately increased or decreased by wounding and SA treatment, suppressed by salinity stress and JA treatment, and enhanced by low temperature stress and ABA treatment.

| S-EPMC4307348 | biostudies-literature

A novel AP2/ERF transcription factor, NtERF10, positively regulates plant height in tobacco.

Project description:Ethylene response factors have been shown to be involved in the effects of plant developmental processes and to regulate stress tolerance. The aim of this study was to recognize the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene response factors on tobacco plant height. In this study, a gene-edited mutant (ERF10-KO) and wild type (WT) were utilized as experimental materials. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of NtERF10 gene editing on plant height in tobacco. Here, through the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2051 genes were upregulated and 1965 genes were downregulated. We characterized the different ERF10-KO and WT plant heights and identified key genes for photosynthesis, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway and the terpene biosynthesis pathway. NtERF10 was found to affect the growth and development of tobacco by regulating the expression levels of the PSAA, PSBA, GLY17 and GGP3 genes. Amino acid metabolism was analyzed by combining analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). In addition, we found that members of the bHLH, NAC, MYB, and WRKY transcription factor families have vital roles in regulating plant height. This study not only provides important insights into the positive regulation of the ethylene response factor NtERF10 on plant height during plant growth and development but also provides new research ideas for tobacco molecular breeding.

| S-EPMC11319389 | biostudies-literature

A Novel AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, OsRPH1, Negatively Regulates Plant Height in Rice.

Project description:The APETALA 2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERF) are widespread in the plant kingdom and play essential roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as defense responses. In this study, a novel rice AP2/ERF transcription factor gene, OsRPH1, was isolated and functionally characterized. OsRPH1 falls into group-IVa of the AP2/ERF family. OsRPH1 protein was found to be localized in the nucleus and possessed transcriptional activity. Overexpression of OsRPH1 resulted in a decrease in plant height and length of internode and leaf sheath as well as other abnormal characters in rice. The length of the second leaf sheath of OsRPH1-overexpressing (OE) plants recovered to that of Kitaake (non-transgenic recipient) in response to exogenous gibberellin A3 (GA3) application. The expression of GA biosynthesis genes (OsGA20ox1-OsGA20ox4, OsGA3ox1, and OsGA3ox2) was significantly downregulated, whereas that of GA inactivation genes (OsGA2ox7, OsGA2ox9, and OsGA2ox10) was significantly upregulated in OsRPH1-OE plants. Endogenous bioactive GA contents significantly decreased in OsRPH1-OE plants. OsRPH1 interacted with a blue light receptor, OsCRY1b, in a blue light-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that OsRPH1 negatively regulates plant height and bioactive GA content by controlling the expression of GA metabolism genes in rice. OsRPH1 is involved in blue light inhibition of leaf sheath elongation by interacting with OsCRY1b.

| S-EPMC7266880 | biostudies-literature

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