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Neuronal baseline shifts underlying boundary setting during free recall.

ABSTRACT: Asked to freely recall items from a predefined set (e.g., animals), we rarely recall a wrong exemplar (e.g., a vegetable). This capability is so powerful and effortless that it is essentially taken for granted, yet, surprisingly, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unknown. Here we investigate this boundary setting mechanism using intracranial recordings (ECoG), in 12 patients undergoing epilepsy monitoring engaged in episodic free recall. After viewing vivid photographs from two categories (famous faces and places), patients were asked to freely recall these items, targeting each category in separate blocks. Our results reveal a rapid and sustained rise in neuronal activity ("baseline shift") in high-order visual areas that persists throughout the free recall period and reflects the targeted category. We further show a more transient reactivation linked to individual recall events. The results point to baseline shift as a flexible top-down mechanism that biases spontaneous recall to remain within the required categorical boundaries.

SUBMITTER: Norman Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5670232 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Neuronal baseline shifts underlying boundary setting during free recall.

Norman Yitzhak Y Yeagle Erin M EM Harel Michal M Mehta Ashesh D AD Malach Rafael R

Nature communications 20171103 1

Asked to freely recall items from a predefined set (e.g., animals), we rarely recall a wrong exemplar (e.g., a vegetable). This capability is so powerful and effortless that it is essentially taken for granted, yet, surprisingly, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unknown. Here we investigate this boundary setting mechanism using intracranial recordings (ECoG), in 12 patients undergoing epilepsy monitoring engaged in episodic free recall. After viewing vivid photographs from two categories ( ...[more]

PMID: 29101322

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Project description:PurposeTo prospectively evaluate the feasibility of solid gold marker placement in oesophageal cancer patients and to quantify inter-fractional and intra-fractional (baseline shift) marker motion during radiation treatment. Radiotherapy target margins and matching strategies were investigated.Materials/methodsThirty-four markers were implanted by echo-endoscopy in 10 patients. Patients received a planning 4D CT, daily pre-treatment cone-beam CT (CBCT) and a post-treatment CBCT for at least five fractions. For fractions with both pre- and post-treatment CBCT, marker displacement between planning CT and pre-treatment CBCT (inter-fractional) and between pre-treatment and post-treatment CBCT (intra-fractional; only for fractions without rotational treatment couch correction) were calculated in left-right (LR), cranio-caudal (CC) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction after bony-anatomy and soft-tissue matching. Systematic/random setup errors were estimated; treatment margins were calculated.ResultsNo serious adverse events occurred. Twenty-three (67.6%) markers were visible during radiotherapy (n = 3 middle oesophagus, n = 16 distal oesophagus, n = 4 proximal stomach). Margins for inter-fractional displacement after bony-anatomy match depended on the localisation of the primary tumour and were 11.2 mm (LR), 16.4 mm (CC) and 8.2 mm (AP) for distal markers. Soft-tissue matching reduced the CC margin for these markers (16.4 mm to 10.5 mm). The mean intra-fractional shift of 12 distal markers was 0.4 mm (LR), 2.3 mm (CC) and 0.7 mm (AP). Inclusion of this shift resulted in treatment margins for distal markers of 12.8 mm (LR), 17.3 mm (CC) and 10.4 mm (AP) after bony-anatomy matching and 12.4 mm (LR), 11.4 mm (CC) and 9.7 mm (AP) after soft-tissue matching.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the implantation of gold markers was safe, albeit less stable compared to other marker types. Inter-fractional motion was largest cranio-caudally for markers in the distal oesophagus, which was reduced after soft-tissue compared to bony-anatomy matching. The impact of intra-fractional baseline shifts on margin calculation was rather small.

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Neuronal baseline shifts underlying boundary setting during free recall.

Publications

Neuronal baseline shifts underlying boundary setting during free recall.

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