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Distributed rewiring model for complex networking: The effect of local rewiring rules on final structural properties.

ABSTRACT: The study of complex networks has become an important subject over the last decades. It has been shown that these structures have special features, such as their diameter, or their average path length, which in turn are the explanation of some functional properties in a system such as its fault tolerance, its fragility before attacks, or the ability to support routing procedures. In the present work, we study some of the forces that help a network to evolve to the point where structural properties are settled. Although our work is mainly focused on the possibility of applying our ideas to Information and Communication Technologies systems, we consider that our results may contribute to understanding different scenarios where complex networks have become an important modeling tool. Using a discrete event simulator, we get each node to discover the shortcuts that may connect it with regions away from its local environment. Based on this partial knowledge, each node can rewire some of its links, which allows modifying the topology of the entire underlying graph to achieve new structural properties. We proposed a distributed rewiring model that creates networks with features similar to those found in complex networks. Although each node acts in a distributed way and seeking to reduce only the trajectories of its packets, we observed a decrease of diameter and an increase in clustering coefficient in the global structure compared to the initial graph. Furthermore, we can find different final structures depending on slight changes in the local rewiring rules.

SUBMITTER: Lopez Chavira MA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5673200 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Distributed rewiring model for complex networking: The effect of local rewiring rules on final structural properties.

López Chavira Magali Alexander MA Marcelín-Jiménez Ricardo R

PloS one 20171106 11

The study of complex networks has become an important subject over the last decades. It has been shown that these structures have special features, such as their diameter, or their average path length, which in turn are the explanation of some functional properties in a system such as its fault tolerance, its fragility before attacks, or the ability to support routing procedures. In the present work, we study some of the forces that help a network to evolve to the point where structural properti ...[more]

PMID: 29107986

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Project description:PurposeTo study the effects of the surrounding electrical microenvironment and local tissue parameters on the electrical parameters and outcome of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation in porcine muscle, kidney, and liver tissue.Materials and methodsAnimal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained, and National Institutes of Health guidelines were followed. IRE ablation (n = 90) was applied in muscle (n = 44), kidney (n = 28), and liver (n = 18) tissue in 18 pigs. Two electrodes with tip exposure of 1.5-2 cm were used at varying voltages (1500-3000 V), pulse repetitions (n = 70-100), pulse length (70-100 µsec), and electrode spacing (1.5-2 cm). In muscle tissue, electrodes were placed exactly parallel, in plane, or perpendicular to paraspinal muscle fibers; in kidney tissue, in the cortex or adjacent to the renal medulla; and in liver tissue, with and without metallic or plastic plates placed 1-2 cm from electrodes. Ablation zones were determined at gross pathologic (90-120 minutes after IRE) and immunohistopathologic examination (6 hours after) for apoptosis and heat-shock protein markers. Multivariate analysis of variance with multiple comparisons and/or paired t tests and regression analysis were used for analysis.ResultsMean (± standard deviation) ablation zones in muscle were 6.2 cm ± 0.3 × 4.2 cm ± 0.3 for parallel electrodes and 4.2 cm ± 0.8 × 3.0 cm ± 0.5 for in-plane application. Perpendicular orientation resulted in a cross-shaped zone. Orientation significantly affected IRE current applied (28.5-31.7A for parallel, 29.5-39.7A for perpendicular; P = .003). For kidney cortex, ovoid zones of 1.5 cm ± 0.1 × 0.5 cm ± 0.0 to 2.5 cm ± 0.1 × 1.3 cm ± 0.1 were seen. Placement of electrodes less than 5 mm from the medullary pyramids resulted in treatment effect arcing into the collecting system. For liver tissue, symmetric 2.7 cm ± 0.2 × 1.4 cm ± 0.3 coagulation areas were seen without the metallic plate but asymmetric coagulation was seen with the metallic plate.ConclusionIRE treatment zones are sensitive to varying electrical conductivity in tissues. Electrode location, orientation, and heterogeneities in local environment must be considered in planning ablation treatment. Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Dataset Information

Distributed rewiring model for complex networking: The effect of local rewiring rules on final structural properties.

Publications

Distributed rewiring model for complex networking: The effect of local rewiring rules on final structural properties.

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