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Quantitative modeling of the dynamics and intracellular trafficking of far-red light-activatable prodrugs: implications in stimuli-responsive drug delivery system.

ABSTRACT: The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with anti-tumor agents is a complimentary strategy to treat local cancers. We developed a unique photosensitizer (PS)-conjugated paclitaxel (PTX) prodrug in which a PS is excited by near-infrared wavelength light to site-specifically release PTX while generating singlet oxygen (SO) to effectively kill cancer cells with both PTX and SO. The aim of the present study was to identify the determinants influencing the combined efficacy of this light-activatable prodrug, especially the bystander killing effects from released PTX. Using PS-conjugated PTX as a model system, we developed a quantitative mathematical model describing the intracellular trafficking. Dynamics of the prodrug and the model predictions were verified with experimental data using human cancer cells in vitro. The sensitivity analysis suggested that parameters related to extracellular concentration of released PTX, prodrug uptake, target engagement, and target abundance are critical in determining the combined killing efficacy of the prodrug. We found that released PTX cytotoxicity was most sensitive to the retention time of the drug in extracellular space. Modulating drug internalization and conjugating the agents targeted to abundant receptors may provide a new strategy for maximizing the killing capacity of the far-red light-activatable prodrug system. These results provide guidance for the design of the PDT combination study in vivo and have implications for other stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems.

SUBMITTER: Li M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5688019 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Quantitative modeling of the dynamics and intracellular trafficking of far-red light-activatable prodrugs: implications in stimuli-responsive drug delivery system.

Li Mengjie M Thapa Pritam P Rajaputra Pallavi P Bio Moses M Peer Cody J CJ Figg William D WD You Youngjae Y Woo Sukyung S

Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 20170914 6

The combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with anti-tumor agents is a complimentary strategy to treat local cancers. We developed a unique photosensitizer (PS)-conjugated paclitaxel (PTX) prodrug in which a PS is excited by near-infrared wavelength light to site-specifically release PTX while generating singlet oxygen (SO) to effectively kill cancer cells with both PTX and SO. The aim of the present study was to identify the determinants influencing the combined efficacy of this light-activa ...[more]

PMID: 28913666

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Project description:We recently demonstrated the far-red light-activatable prodrug of paclitaxel (PTX), Pc-(L-PTX)2. Upon illumination with a 690 nm laser, Pc-(L-PTX)2 showed combinational cell killing from rapid photodynamic therapy damage by singlet oxygen, followed by sustained chemotherapy effects from locally released PTX. However, its high lipophilicity (log D7.4 > 3.1) caused aggregation in aqueous solutions and has nonselectivity toward cancer cells. To solve these important problems, we prepared folic acid (FA)-conjugated and photoactivatable prodrugs of PTX with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer of various chain lengths: FA-PEG n -Pc-L-PTX [n = 0 (0k, 5), ∼23 (1k, 7a), ∼45 (2k, 7b), ∼80 (3.5k, 7c), or ∼114 (5k, 7d)]. The PEGylated prodrugs 7a-d had a much improved hydrophilicity compared with the non-PEGylated prodrug, Pc-(L-PTX)2. As the PEG length increased, the hydrophilicity of the prodrug increased (log D7.4 values: 1.28, 0.09, -0.24, and -0.59 for 1k, 2k, 3.5k, and 5k PEG prodrugs, respectively). Fluorescence spectral data suggested that the PEGylated prodrugs had good solubility in the culture medium at lower concentrations (<1-2 μM), but showed fluorescence quenching due to limited solubility at higher concentrations (>2 μM). Dynamic light scattering indicated that all of the prodrugs formed nanosized particles in both phosphate-buffered saline and culture medium at a concentration of 5 μM. The PEG length affected both nonspecific and folate receptor (FR)-mediated uptake of the prodrugs. The enhanced cellular uptake was observed for the prodrugs with medium-sized PEGs (1k, 2k, or 3.5k) in FR-positive SKOV-3 cells, but not for the prodrugs with no PEG or with the longest PEG (5k), which suggests the optimal range of PEG length around 1k-3.5k for effective uptake of our prodrug system. Consistent with the cellular uptake pattern, medium-sized PEGylated prodrugs showed more potent phototoxic activity (IC50s, ∼130 nM) than prodrugs with no PEG or the longest PEG (IC50, ∼400 nM). In conclusion, we have developed far-red light-activatable prodrugs with improved water solubility and FR-targeting properties compared with the nontargeted prodrug.

Dataset Information

Quantitative modeling of the dynamics and intracellular trafficking of far-red light-activatable prodrugs: implications in stimuli-responsive drug delivery system.

Publications

Quantitative modeling of the dynamics and intracellular trafficking of far-red light-activatable prodrugs: implications in stimuli-responsive drug delivery system.

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