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A tricyclic pyrrolobenzodiazepine produced by Klebsiella oxytoca is associated with cytotoxicity in antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis.


ABSTRACT: Cytotoxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). Recently, the cytotoxin associated with AAHC was identified as tilivalline, a known pentacyclic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) metabolite produced by K. oxytoca Although this assertion of tilivalline's role in AAHC is supported by evidence from animal experiments, some key aspects of this finding appear to be incompatible with toxicity mechanisms of known PBD toxins. We therefore hypothesized that K. oxytoca may produce some other uncharacterized cytotoxins. To address this question, we investigated whether tilivalline alone is indeed necessary and sufficient to induce cytotoxicity or whether K. oxytoca also produces other cytotoxins. LC-MS- and NMR-based metabolomic analyses revealed the presence of an abundant tricyclic PBD, provisionally designated kleboxymycin, in the supernatant of toxigenic K. oxytoca strains. Moreover, by generating multiple mutants with gene deletions affecting tilivalline biosynthesis, we show that a tryptophanase-deficient, tilivalline-negative K. oxytoca mutant induced cytotoxicity in vitro similar to tilivalline-positive K. oxytoca strains. Furthermore, synthetic kleboxymycin exhibited greater than 9-fold higher cytotoxicity than tilivalline in TC50 cell culture assays. We also found that the biosynthetic pathways for kleboxymycin and tilivalline appear to overlap, as tilivalline is an indole derivative of kleboxymycin. In summary, our results indicate that tilivalline is not essential for inducing cytotoxicity observed in K. oxytoca-associated AAHC and that kleboxymycin is a tilivalline-related bacterial metabolite with even higher cytotoxicity.

SUBMITTER: Tse H 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5702686 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A tricyclic pyrrolobenzodiazepine produced by <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> is associated with cytotoxicity in antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis.

Tse Herman H   Gu Qiangshuai Q   Sze Kong-Hung KH   Chu Ivan K IK   Kao Richard Y-T RY   Lee Kam-Chung KC   Lam Ching-Wan CW   Yang Dan D   Tai Sherlock Shing-Chiu SS   Ke Yihong Y   Chan Elaine E   Chan Wan-Mui WM   Dai Jun J   Leung Sze-Pui SP   Leung Suet-Yi SY   Yuen Kwok-Yung KY  

The Journal of biological chemistry 20170926 47


Cytotoxin-producing <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (AAHC). Recently, the cytotoxin associated with AAHC was identified as tilivalline, a known pentacyclic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) metabolite produced by <i>K. oxytoca</i> Although this assertion of tilivalline's role in AAHC is supported by evidence from animal experiments, some key aspects of this finding appear to be incompatible with toxicity mechanisms of known PBD toxins. We t  ...[more]

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