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Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT: Skeletal muscle metabolic function is known to respond positively to exercise interventions. Developing non-invasive techniques that quantify metabolic adaptations and identifying interventions that impart successful response are ongoing challenges for research. Healthy non-athletic adults (18-35 years old) were enrolled in a study investigating physiological adaptations to a minimum of 16 weeks endurance training prior to undertaking their first marathon. Before beginning training, participants underwent measurements of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at rest (resting muscle[Formula: see text]O₂) and immediately following a maximal exercise test (post-exercise muscle[Formula: see text]O₂). Exercise-related increase in muscle[Formula: see text]O₂ (Δm[Formula: see text]O₂) was derived from these measurements and cardio-pulmonary peak[Formula: see text]O₂ measured by analysis of expired gases. All measurements were repeated within 3 weeks of participants completing following the marathon and marathon completion time recorded. Muscle[Formula: see text]O₂ was positively correlated with cardio-pulmonary peak[Formula: see text]O₂ (r = 0.63, p < 0.001). Muscle[Formula: see text]O₂ increased at follow-up (48% increase; p = 0.004) despite no change in cardio-pulmonary peak[Formula: see text]O₂ (0% change; p = 0.97). Faster marathon completion time correlated with higher cardio-pulmonary peak[Formula: see text]O₂ (r_partial = -0.58, p = 0.002) but not muscle[Formula: see text]O₂ (r_partial = 0.16, p = 0.44) after adjustment for age and sex [and adipose tissue thickness (ATT) for muscle[Formula: see text]O₂ measurements]. Skeletal muscle metabolic adaptions occur following training and completion of a first-time marathon; these can be identified non-invasively using NIRS. Although the cardio-pulmonary system is limiting for running performance, skeletal muscle changes can be detected despite minimal improvement in cardio-pulmonary function.

SUBMITTER: Jones S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5733097 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundSkeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are well known to participate in regeneration and maintenance of the tissue over time. Studies have shown increases in the number of satellite cells after exercise, but their functional role in endurance training remains unexplored.MethodsYoung adult mice were submitted to endurance exercise training and the function, differentiation, and metabolic characteristics of satellite cells were investigated in vivo and in vitro.ResultsWe found that injured muscles from endurance-exercised mice display improved regenerative capacity, demonstrated through higher densities of newly formed myofibres compared with controls (evidenced by an increase in embryonic myosin heavy chain expression), as well as lower inflammation (evidenced by quantifying CD68-marked macrophages), and reduced fibrosis. Enhanced myogenic function was accompanied by an increased fraction of satellite cells expressing self-renewal markers, while control satellite cells had morphologies suggestive of early differentiation. The beneficial effects of endurance exercise were associated with satellite cell metabolic reprogramming, including reduced mitochondrial respiration (O2 consumption) under resting conditions (absence of muscle injury) and increased stemness. During proliferation or activated states (3 days after injury), O2 consumption was equal in control and exercised cells, while exercise enhanced myogenic colony formation. Surprisingly, inhibition of mitochondrial O2 consumption was sufficient to enhance muscle stem cell self-renewal characteristics in vitro. Moreover, transplanted muscle satellite cells from exercised mice or cells with reduced mitochondrial respiration promoted a significant reduction in inflammation compared with controls.ConclusionsOur results indicate that endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells, an effect promoted by metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition, which is associated with a more favourable muscular response to injury.

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Improved Exercise-Related Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Consumption Following Uptake of Endurance Training Measured Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

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