Dataset Information

Acquired Protective Immunity in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar against the Myxozoan Kudoa thyrsites Involves Induction of MHII?+ CD83+ Antigen-Presenting Cells.

ABSTRACT: The histozoic myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites causes postmortem myoliquefaction and is responsible for economic losses to salmon aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest. Despite its importance, little is known about the host-parasite relationship, including the host response to infection. The present work sought to characterize the immune response in Atlantic salmon during infection, recovery, and reexposure to K. thyrsites After exposure to infective seawater, infected and uninfected smolts were sampled three times over 4,275 degree-days. Histological analysis revealed infection severity decreased over time in exposed fish, while in controls there was no evidence of infection. Following a secondary exposure of all fish, severity of infection in the controls was similar to that measured in exposed fish at the first sampling time but was significantly reduced in reexposed fish, suggesting the acquisition of protective immunity. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected a population of MHII?+ cells in infected muscle that followed a pattern of abundance concordant with parasite prevalence. Infiltration of these cells into infected myocytes preceded destruction of the plasmodium and dissemination of myxospores. Dual labeling indicated a majority of these cells were CD83+/MHII?+ Using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, we detected significant induction of cellular effectors, including macrophage/dendritic cells (mhii/cd83/mcsf), B cells (igm/igt), and cytotoxic T cells (cd8/nkl), in the musculature of infected fish. These data support a role for cellular effectors such as antigen-presenting cells (monocyte/macrophage and dendritic cells) along with B and T cells in the acquired protective immune response of Atlantic salmon against K. thyrsites.

SUBMITTER: Braden LM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5736826 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Acquired Protective Immunity in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar against the Myxozoan Kudoa thyrsites Involves Induction of MHIIβ+ CD83+ Antigen-Presenting Cells.

Braden Laura M LM Rasmussen Karina J KJ Purcell Sara L SL Ellis Lauren L Mahony Amelia A Cho Steven S Whyte Shona K SK Jones Simon R M SRM Fast Mark D MD

Infection and immunity 20171219 1

The histozoic myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites causes postmortem myoliquefaction and is responsible for economic losses to salmon aquaculture in the Pacific Northwest. Despite its importance, little is known about the host-parasite relationship, including the host response to infection. The present work sought to characterize the immune response in Atlantic salmon during infection, recovery, and reexposure to K. thyrsites After exposure to infective seawater, infected and uninfect ...[more]

PMID: 28993459

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Project description:The high-affinity/low-capacity system Slc15a2 (PepT2) is responsible for the reuptake of di/tripeptides from the renal proximal tubule, but it also operates in many other tissues and organs. Information regarding PepT2 in teleost fish is limited and, to date, functional data are available from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) only. Here, we report the identification of two slc15a2 genes in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, namely slc15a2a and slc15a2b. The two encoded PepT2 proteins share 87% identity and resemble both structurally and functionally the canonical vertebrate PepT2 system. The mRNA tissue distribution analyses reveal a widespread distribution of slc15a2a transcripts, being more abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. The function of the two transporters was investigated by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings of transport and presteady-state currents. Both PepT2a and PepT2b in the presence of Gly-Gln elicit pH-dependent and Na+ independent inward currents. The biophysical and kinetic analysis of the recorded currents defined the transport properties, confirming that the two Atlantic salmon PepT2 proteins behave as high-affinity/low-capacity transporters. The recent structures and the previous kinetic schemes of rat and human PepT2 qualitatively account for the characteristics of the two Atlantic salmon proteins. This study is the first to report on the functional expression of two PepT2-type transporters that operate in the same vertebrate organism as a result of (a) gene duplication process(es). KEY POINTS: Two slc15a2-type genes, slc15a2a and slc15a2b coding for PepT2-type peptide transporters were found in the Atlantic salmon. slc15a2a transcripts, widely distributed in the fish tissues, are abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and distal gastrointestinal tract. Amino acids involved in vertebrate Slc15 transport function are conserved in PepT2a and PepT2b proteins. Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that both PepT2a and PepT2b operate as high-affinity transporters. The kinetic schemes and structures proposed for the mammalian models of PepT2 are suitable to explain the function of the two Atlantic salmon transporters.

Project description:BACKGROUND: Hyperthermia has been shown in a number of organisms to induce developmental defects as a result of changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. In spite of this, salmon aquaculture commonly uses high water temperature to speed up developmental rate in intensive production systems, resulting in an increased frequency of skeletal deformities. In order to study the molecular pathology of vertebral deformities, Atlantic salmon was subjected to hyperthermic conditions from fertilization until after the juvenile stage. RESULTS: Fish exposed to the high temperature regime showed a markedly higher growth rate and a significant higher percentage of deformities in the spinal column than fish reared at low temperatures. By analyzing phenotypically normal spinal columns from the two temperature regimes, we found that the increased risk of developing vertebral deformities was linked to an altered gene transcription. In particular, down-regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes such as col1a1, osteocalcin, osteonectin and decorin, indicated that maturation and mineralization of osteoblasts were restrained. Moreover, histological staining and in situ hybridization visualized areas with distorted chondrocytes and an increased population of hypertrophic cells. These findings were further confirmed by an up-regulation of mef2c and col10a, genes involved in chondrocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: The presented data strongly indicates that temperature induced fast growth is severely affecting gene transcription in osteoblasts and chondrocytes; hence change in the vertebral tissue structure and composition. A disrupted bone and cartilage production was detected, which most likely is involved in the higher rate of deformities developed in the high intensive group. Our results are of basic interest for bone metabolism and contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in development of temperature induced vertebral pathology. The findings may further conduce to future molecular tools for assessing fish welfare in practical farming.

Dataset Information

Acquired Protective Immunity in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar against the Myxozoan Kudoa thyrsites Involves Induction of MHII?+ CD83+ Antigen-Presenting Cells.

Publications

Acquired Protective Immunity in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar against the Myxozoan Kudoa thyrsites Involves Induction of MHIIβ<sup>+</sup> CD83<sup>+</sup> Antigen-Presenting Cells.

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