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The mediating effect of body mass index on the relationship between smoking and hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis. A population-based cohort study (the HUNT Study).

ABSTRACT: To investigate the total effect of smoking on total hip or knee replacement (THR/TKR) due to primary osteoarthritis (OA) and to quantify the indirect effect of smoking through body mass index (BMI). Participants from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (the HUNT Study) were linked to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register to detect the first THR or TKR due to primary OA. A mediation analysis was used to decompose the total effect of smoking into a direct and indirect effect. BMI was considered a mediator in the analysis. All effects were estimated as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The indirect effect of smoking mediated through BMI was expressed as a percentage (proportion*100). In total 55 188 participants were followed up during 17.2 years (median). We identified 1322 THRs and 754 TKRs. For men, the total effect of current vs. never smoking revealed a decreased risk of THR (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.46-0.76) and TKR (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32-0.66). For women, current smoking increased the risk of THR (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.11-1.60). For men, 6% and 7% of the risk reduction for THR and TKR, respectively, was mediated by BMI. We found a negative association between smoking and THR or TKR for men. On the contrary, smoking was associated with increased risk of THR for women. Most of the effect of smoking on joint replacement risk remained unexplained by BMI.

SUBMITTER: Johnsen MB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5746263 | biostudies-literature | 2017

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The mediating effect of body mass index on the relationship between smoking and hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis. A population-based cohort study (the HUNT Study).

Johnsen Marianne Bakke MB Hellevik Alf Inge AI Småstuen Milada Cvancarova MC Langhammer Arnulf A Furnes Ove O Flugsrud Gunnar Birkeland GB Nordsletten Lars L Zwart John Anker JA Storheim Kjersti K

PloS one 20171228 12

To investigate the total effect of smoking on total hip or knee replacement (THR/TKR) due to primary osteoarthritis (OA) and to quantify the indirect effect of smoking through body mass index (BMI). Participants from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (the HUNT Study) were linked to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register to detect the first THR or TKR due to primary OA. A mediation analysis was used to decompose the total effect of smoking into a direct and indirect effect. BMI was considered a mediat ...[more]

PMID: 29284048

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Project description:Reduced external knee adduction moments in the second half of stance after total hip replacement have been reported in hip osteoarthritis patients. This reduction is thought to shift the load from the medial to the lateral knee compartment and as such increase the risk for knee osteoarthritis. The knee adduction moment is a surrogate for the load distribution between the medial and lateral compartments of the knee and not a valid measure for the tibiofemoral contact forces which are the result of externally applied forces and muscle forces. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the distribution of the tibiofemoral contact forces over the knee compartments in unilateral hip osteoarthritis patients 1 year after receiving a primary total hip replacement differs from healthy controls. Musculoskeletal modeling on gait was performed in OpenSim using the detailed knee model of Lerner et al. (2015) for 19 patients as well as for 15 healthy controls of similar age. Knee adduction moments were calculated by the inverse dynamics analysis, medial and lateral tibiofemoral contact forces with the joint reaction force analysis. Moments and contact forces of patients and controls were compared using Statistical Parametric Mapping two-sample t-tests. Knee adduction moments and medial tibiofemoral contact forces of both the ipsi- and contralateral leg were not significantly different compared to healthy controls. The contralateral leg showed 14% higher medial tibiofemoral contact forces compared to the ipsilateral (operated) leg during the second half of stance. During the first half of stance, the lateral tibiofemoral contact force of the contralateral leg was 39% lower and the ratio 32% lower compared to healthy controls. In contrast, during the second half of stance the forces were significantly higher (39 and 26%, respectively) compared to healthy controls. The higher ratio indicates a changed distribution whereas the increased lateral tibiofemoral contact forces indicate a higher lateral knee joint loading in the contralateral leg in OA patients after total hip replacement (THR). Musculoskeletal modeling using a detailed knee model can be useful to detect differences in the load distribution between the medial and lateral knee compartment which cannot be verified with the knee adduction moment.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Analgesic drugs are recommended to treat pain caused by osteoarthritis, and joint replacement should decrease the need for them. We aimed to determine the user rates of analgesic drugs before and after joint replacement. METHODS:All patients who underwent a primary hip or knee replacement for osteoarthritis from 2002 to 2013 in a region of 0.5 million people were identified. Patients with revision or other joint replacements during the study period (operation date +/- two years) were excluded, leaving 6238 hip replacements (5657 patients) and 7501 knee replacements (6791 patients) for analyses. Medication data were collected from a nationwide Drug Prescription Register and the prevalence (with its 95% confidence intervals) of acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), mild opioids, strong opioids, and medications used for neuropathic pain was calculated in three-month periods two years before and after surgery. RESULTS:Between two years and three months preoperatively, the proportion of patients who redeemed at least one type of analgesic drug increased from 28% (95% CI, 27-30%) to 48% (47-50%) on hip replacement patients and from 33% (32-34%) to 41% (40-42%) on knee replacement patients. Postoperatively, the proportions decreased to 23% (22-24%) on hip and to 30% (29-31%) on knee patients. Hip replacement patients used more NSAIDs (34% (32-35%) hip vs 26% (25-27%) knee, p?<?0.001), acetaminophen (14% (13-15%) vs 12% (11-13%), p?<?0.001), and mild opioids (14% (13-15%) vs 9% (8-9%), p?<?0.001) than knee patients preoperatively, but postoperatively hip patients used less NSAIDs (12% (11-13%) vs 16% (15-16%), p?<?0.001), acetaminophen (9% (8-10%) vs 11% (11-12%), p?<?0.001), and mild opioids (5% (5-6%) vs 8% (7-8%), p?<?0.001). CONCLUSION:Use of analgesic drugs increases prior to joint replacement, and is reduced following surgery. However, a considerable proportion of patients continue to use analgesics in two-year follow-up.

Dataset Information

The mediating effect of body mass index on the relationship between smoking and hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis. A population-based cohort study (the HUNT Study).

Publications

The mediating effect of body mass index on the relationship between smoking and hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis. A population-based cohort study (the HUNT Study).

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