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Zooplankton can actively adjust their motility to turbulent flow.

ABSTRACT: Calanoid copepods are among the most abundant metazoans in the ocean and constitute a vital trophic link within marine food webs. They possess relatively narrow swimming capabilities, yet are capable of significant self-locomotion under strong hydrodynamic conditions. Here we provide evidence for an active adaptation that allows these small organisms to adjust their motility in response to background flow. We track simultaneously and in three dimensions the motion of flow tracers and planktonic copepods swimming freely at several intensities of quasi-homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. We show that copepods synchronize the frequency of their relocation jumps with the frequency of small-scale turbulence by performing frequent relocation jumps of low amplitude that seem unrelated to localized hydrodynamic signals. We develop a model of plankton motion in turbulence that shows excellent quantitative agreement with our measurements when turbulence is significant. We find that, compared with passive tracers, active motion enhances the diffusion of organisms at low turbulence intensity whereas it dampens diffusion at higher turbulence levels. The existence of frequent jumps in a motion that is otherwise dominated by turbulent transport allows for the possibility of active locomotion and hence to transition from being passively advected to being capable of controlling diffusion. This behavioral response provides zooplankton with the capability to retain the benefits of self-locomotion despite turbulence advection and may help these organisms to actively control their distribution in dynamic environments. Our study reveals an active adaptation that carries strong fitness advantages and provides a realistic model of plankton motion in turbulence.

SUBMITTER: Michalec FG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5748176 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Zooplankton can actively adjust their motility to turbulent flow.

Michalec François-Gaël FG Fouxon Itzhak I Souissi Sami S Holzner Markus M

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20171211 52

Calanoid copepods are among the most abundant metazoans in the ocean and constitute a vital trophic link within marine food webs. They possess relatively narrow swimming capabilities, yet are capable of significant self-locomotion under strong hydrodynamic conditions. Here we provide evidence for an active adaptation that allows these small organisms to adjust their motility in response to background flow. We track simultaneously and in three dimensions the motion of flow tracers and planktonic ...[more]

PMID: 29229858

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Project description:Vascular endothelial and hematopoietic cells hold a close relationship that is initiated during development, but that continuously broadens to include new functions aimed at maintaining homeostasis in the adult organism. Here, we report on a population of aortic intimal resident macrophages (MacAIRs) that is a permanent feature of the inner vessel wall (tunica intima) of the aorta in regions of turbulent flow and that shares the luminal surface with the endothelium. MacAIRs were found to be transcriptionally distinct from other macrophages and closely associated with the endothelium in the absence of pathology. Lineage tracing analysis indicated that adult MacAIRs were derived from definitive hematopoietic lineage precursors that migrated from the ductus arteriosus seeding the aorta immediately post-birth in areas of turbulent flow including the lesser curvature of the aortic arch and branch openings. These aortic resident macrophages expanded via direct cell renewal and continued to grow in aged aortae to also populate regions of laminar flow. Binding of MacAIRs relied heavily on expression of endothelial ICAM that interacts with CD11c on macrophages. Genetic deletion of CD11c significantly impaired anchorage of MacAIRs to the endothelium. To clarify the biological significance of this population of macrophages, we used a dual diphtheria toxin induced-depletion system that efficiently eliminated MacAIRs in adult mice. Utilizing this model, we found that absence of MacAIRs led to progressive fibrin accumulation and formation of microclots that, once dislodged, can cause blockade of vessels and organ failure. In fact, 40% of the animals with genetic-mediated depletion of MacAIRs died within 2 weeks post-depletion suggesting that these macrophages were required to clear fibrin deposits in regions of turbulent blood flow. These findings advance our knowledge of how vascular endothelial cells profit from this unique interaction with macrophages to control hemostasis, prevent intravascular clotting, and ensure vascular health.

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Zooplankton can actively adjust their motility to turbulent flow.

Publications

Zooplankton can actively adjust their motility to turbulent flow.

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