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Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production.

ABSTRACT: Interest in the nutritional value and pharmacological activities of blue-green algae has gradually increased. Spirulina extracts show protective effects against apoptosis and inflammatory damage in various cell types. Here, we investigated the protective effects of extracts from Spirulina maxima in a cytokine-mediated type 1 diabetes model in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in vivo. Interleukin-1? and interferon-gamma induced substantial cytotoxicity to RINm5F rat insulinoma cells, increasing nitric oxide (NO) production, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) activity, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and key genes related apoptosis. However, the cytotoxicity of cytokines was significantly attenuated by Spirulina extract, which effectively prevented NO production by inhibiting the synthesis of cytokine-activated NO synthase (iNOS), and apoptosis was suppressed. These results suggest that Spirulina extract might be effective to preserve the viability and function of pancreatic ?-cells against cytotoxic conditions. Moreover, diabetic mice orally administered Spirulina extract showed decreased glucose levels, increased insulin, and improvement in liver enzyme markers. The antioxidant effect of Spirulina extract may be helpful in treating type 1 diabetes by enhancing the survival, and reducing or delaying cytokine-mediated ?-cells destruction.

SUBMITTER: Lee J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5748813 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production.

Lee Jiyeong J Park Arum A Kim Mi Jeong MJ Lim Hee-Joung HJ Rha Young-Ah YA Kang Hee-Gyoo HG

Nutrients 20171215 12

Interest in the nutritional value and pharmacological activities of blue-green algae has gradually increased. <i>Spirulina</i> extracts show protective effects against apoptosis and inflammatory damage in various cell types. Here, we investigated the protective effects of extracts from <i>Spirulina maxima</i> in a cytokine-mediated type 1 diabetes model in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in vivo. Interleukin-1β and interferon-gamma induced substantial cytotoxicity to RIN ...[more]

PMID: 29244751

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Project description:This work provides the first demonstration that Spirulina maxima extract fermented with the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus planetarium HY-08 has the ability to ameliorate scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. The fermented extract exhibited good cognitive-enhancing activities, as demonstrated through Morris water maze and passive avoidance experiments: in these tests, the mice administered the fermented extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg exhibited an escape latency time and a latency time of 88.5 and 76.0 sec, respectively, whereas those administered donepezil, which was used as a positive control, showed an escape latency time and a latency time of 81.3 and 83.3 sec, respectively. However, an extract of 200 mg/kg was considered economically feasible for maintaining relatively high memory-improving activities because only a slight difference in activities was found between 200 and 400 mg/kg. The study also provides the first demonstration that ?-carotene, one of the major bioactive substances in S. maxima, has memory-enhancing activity. A detailed analysis of the mechanism for the cognitive-enhancing activities of the fermented extract revealed that the fermented extract effectively increased the phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) and p-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) and sequentially upregulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose signaling pathway responds to a reduction in oxidative stress in the brain. The results indicate that the improved efficacy of the fermented extract was likely due to the synergistic effects of ?-carotene and other bioactive substances. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fermented extract exerts memory-improving effects in the hippocampus of scopolamine-treated mice through an initial increase in ERK signaling and a sequential induction of the expression of p-CREB and BDNF, and these effects are related to the antioxidant activities of ?-carotene and other components.

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Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production.

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Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production.

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