Dataset Information

Pole lengths influence O2-cost during double poling in highly trained cross-country skiers.

ABSTRACT: In elite cross-country skiing, double poling is used in different terrain. This study compared O2-cost and kinematics during double poling with four different pole lengths [self-selected (SS), SS - 5 cm, SS?+?5 cm, SS?+?10 cm] at Low versus Moderate incline.Thirteen highly trained male cross-country skiers (mean?±?SD 23?±?3 years; 182?±?4 cm; 77?±?6 kg) completed eight submaximal trials with roller skis on a treadmill at two conditions: "Low incline" (1.7°; 4.5 m s-1) and "Moderate incline" (4.5°; 2.5 m s-1) with each of the four pole lengths. O2-cost and 3D body kinematics were assessed in each trial.In Low incline, SS?+?10 cm induced a lower O2-cost than all the other pole lengths [P??0.05; ES 0.2-0.4). In Moderate incline, significant differences between all pole lengths were found for O2-cost, with SS - 5 cm?>?SS?>?SS?+?5 cm?>?SS?+?10 cm (P?

SUBMITTER: Carlsen CH

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5767204 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pole lengths influence O<sub>2</sub>-cost during double poling in highly trained cross-country skiers.

Carlsen Camilla Høivik CH Rud Bjarne B Myklebust Håvard H Losnegard Thomas T

European journal of applied physiology 20171201 2

<h4>Purpose</h4>In elite cross-country skiing, double poling is used in different terrain. This study compared O<sub>2</sub>-cost and kinematics during double poling with four different pole lengths [self-selected (SS), SS - 5 cm, SS + 5 cm, SS + 10 cm] at Low versus Moderate incline.<h4>Methods</h4>Thirteen highly trained male cross-country skiers (mean ± SD 23 ± 3 years; 182 ± 4 cm; 77 ± 6 kg) completed eight submaximal trials with roller skis on a treadmill at two conditions: "Low incline" (1 ...[more]

PMID: 29196845

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Project description:ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of speed on mechanical energy fluctuations and propulsion mechanics in the double-poling (DP) technique of cross-country skiing.MethodsKinematics and dynamics were acquired while fourteen male skiers performed roller-skiing DP on a treadmill at increasing speeds (15, 21 and 27 km∙h-1). Kinetic (Ekin), potential (Epot), and total (Ebody) body mechanical energy and pole power (Ppole) were calculated. Inverse dynamics was used to calculate arm power (Parm). Trunk+leg power (PT+L) was estimated, as was the power associated with body movements perpendicular to goal-direction ([Formula: see text]).ResultsEkin and Epot fluctuated out-of-phase throughout the cycle, at first sight indicating that pendulum-like behaviour occurs partly in DP. However, during the swing phase, the increase in Epot (body heightening) was mainly driven by positive PT+L, while the decrease in Ekin was lost to rolling friction, and during the poling phase, considerable positive Parm generation occurs. Thus, possible exchange between Ekin and Epot seem not to occur as directly and passively as in classic pendulum locomotion (walking). During the poling phase, [Formula: see text]fluctuated out-of-phase with Ppole, indicating a transfer of body energy to Ppole. In this way, power generated by trunk+leg mainly during the swing phase (body heightening) can be used in the poling phase as pole power. At all speeds, negative PT+L occurred during the poling phase, suggesting energy absorption of body energy not transferred to pole power. Thus, DP seem to resemble bouncing ball-like behaviour more than pendulum at faster speeds. Over the cycle, Parm contribution to Ppole (external power) was 63% at 15 km∙h-1 and 66% at 21 and 27 km∙h-1, with the remainder being PT+L contribution.ConclusionsWhen speed increases in level DP, both power production and absorption by trunk+leg actions increase considerably. This enhanced involvement of the legs at faster speeds is likely a prerequisite for effective generation of pole power at high speeds with very short poling times. However, the relative trunk+leg power contribution did not increase at the speeds studied here.

Dataset Information

Pole lengths influence O2-cost during double poling in highly trained cross-country skiers.

Publications

Pole lengths influence O<sub>2</sub>-cost during double poling in highly trained cross-country skiers.

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