Dataset Information

Statistical Power in Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Models with Arbitrary Number of Factor Levels.

ABSTRACT: As the US health care system undergoes unprecedented changes, the need for adequately powered studies to understand the multiple levels of main and interaction factors that influence patient and other care outcomes in hierarchical settings has taken center stage. We consider two-level models where n lower-level units are nested within each of J higher-level clusters (e.g. patients within practices and practices within networks) and where two factors may have arbitrary a and b factor levels, respectively. Both factors may represent a × b treatment combinations, or one of them may be a pretreatment covariate. Consideration of both factors at the same higher or lower hierarchical level, or one factor per hierarchical level yields a cluster (C), multisite (M) or split-plot randomized design (S). We express statistical power to detect main, interaction, or any treatment effects as a function of sample sizes (n, J), a and b factor levels, intraclass correlation ? and effect sizes ? given each design d ? {C, M, S}. The power function given a, b, ?, ? and d determines adequate sample sizes to achieve a minimum power requirement. Next, we compare the impact of the designs on power to facilitate selection of optimal design and sample sizes in a way that minimizes the total cost given budget and logistic constraints. Our approach enables accurate and conservative power computation with a priori knowledge of only three effect size differences regardless of how large a × b is, simplifying previously available computation methods for health services and other researches.

SUBMITTER: Shin Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5774677 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Statistical Power in Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Models with Arbitrary Number of Factor Levels.

Shin Yongyun Y Lafata Jennifer Elston JE Cao Yu Y

Journal of statistical planning and inference 20170928

As the US health care system undergoes unprecedented changes, the need for adequately powered studies to understand the multiple levels of main and interaction factors that influence patient and other care outcomes in hierarchical settings has taken center stage. We consider two-level models where n lower-level units are nested within each of J higher-level clusters (e.g. patients within practices and practices within networks) and where two factors may have arbitrary a and ...[more]

PMID: 29358843

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Project description:ObjectiveTo compare the performance of different methods for determining hippocampal atrophy rates using longitudinal MRI scans in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD).BackgroundQuantifying hippocampal atrophy caused by neurodegenerative diseases is important to follow the course of the disease. In dementia, the efficacy of new therapies can be partially assessed by measuring their effect on hippocampal atrophy. In radiotherapy, the quantification of radiation-induced hippocampal volume loss is of interest to quantify radiation damage. We evaluated plausibility, reproducibility and sensitivity of eight commonly used methods to determine hippocampal atrophy rates using test-retest scans.Materials and methodsManual, FSL-FIRST, FreeSurfer, multi-atlas segmentation (MALF) and non-linear registration methods (Elastix, NiftyReg, ANTs and MIRTK) were used to determine hippocampal atrophy rates on longitudinal T1-weighted MRI from the ADNI database. Appropriate parameters for the non-linear registration methods were determined using a small training dataset (N = 16) in which two-year hippocampal atrophy was measured using test-retest scans of 8 subjects with low and 8 subjects with high atrophy rates. On a larger dataset of 20 controls, 40 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 20  AD patients, one-year hippocampal atrophy rates were measured. A repeated measures ANOVA analysis was performed to determine differences between controls, MCI and AD patients. For each method we calculated effect sizes and the required sample sizes to detect one-year volume change between controls and MCI (NCTRL_MCI) and between controls and AD (NCTRL_AD). Finally, reproducibility of hippocampal atrophy rates was assessed using within-session rescans and expressed as an average distance measure DAve, which expresses the difference in atrophy rate, averaged over all subjects. The same DAve was used to determine the agreement between different methods.ResultsExcept for MALF, all methods detected a significant group difference between CTRL and AD, but none could find a significant difference between the CTRL and MCI. FreeSurfer and MIRTK required the lowest sample sizes (FreeSurfer: NCTRL_MCI = 115, NCTRL_AD = 17 with DAve = 3.26%; MIRTK: NCTRL_MCI = 97, NCTRL_AD = 11 with DAve = 3.76%), while ANTs was most reproducible (NCTRL_MCI = 162, NCTRL_AD = 37 with DAve = 1.06%), followed by Elastix (NCTRL_MCI = 226, NCTRL_AD = 15 with DAve = 1.78%) and NiftyReg (NCTRL_MCI = 193, NCTRL_AD = 14 with DAve = 2.11%). Manually measured hippocampal atrophy rates required largest sample sizes to detect volume change and were poorly reproduced (NCTRL_MCI = 452, NCTRL_AD = 87 with DAve = 12.39%). Atrophy rates of non-linear registration methods also agreed best with each other.Discussion and conclusionNon-linear registration methods were most consistent in determining hippocampal atrophy and because of their better reproducibility, methods, such as ANTs, Elastix and NiftyReg, are preferred for determining hippocampal atrophy rates on longitudinal MRI. Since performances of non-linear registration methods are well comparable, the preferred method would mostly depend on computational efficiency.

Dataset Information

Statistical Power in Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Models with Arbitrary Number of Factor Levels.

Publications

Statistical Power in Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Models with Arbitrary Number of Factor Levels.

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