The Influence of Classmates on Adolescent Criminal Activities in the United States.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kim J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5788185 | biostudies-literature | 2018
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
The Influence of Classmates on Adolescent Criminal Activities in the United States.
Kim Jinho J Fletcher Jason M JM
Deviant behavior 20170125 3
This article examines the effect of delinquent peers on an individual's criminal activity by leveraging quasi-experimental variation in exposure to peers, separating confounding and causal effects. In particular, we examine the role of wider peer networks (i.e., classmates) as a critical source of influence on adolescents' delinquent behavior. Using a combined instrumental variables/fixed effects methodology, we address important methodological challenges in estimating peer effects. Results sugg ...[more]
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Project description:BackgroundMental health is an essential aspect of health and wellbeing that the general population often overlooks. This study aims to utilize a nationwide sample [Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kid's Inpatient Database (KID)] to analyze the factors affecting inpatient mood disorder admissions in the United States.MethodsA total of 295,472 cases ages 1-20 were identified to meet the criteria (Appendix A) for the selected mood disorders from the HCUP KID 2016 dataset. We conducted descriptive statistics of the individual diagnosis. We evaluated the relationships with variables such as age (grouped), sex, region, disposition, household income, race, rural-urban demographics, and mean charges. We also conducted association tests for the variables of interest.ResultsAn average of six days LOS was observed for mood disorders compared to four days LOS for other pediatric inpatient admissions nationwide. The highest prevalence rate (per 100,000) of single (5050), recurrent (2284) episode MDD and bipolar disorder (2445) was observed among no charge (uninsured) populations. The native American population had the highest rate prevalence of single episode MDD (3274) and highest extreme and significant loss of function at presentation. The highest manic episode presentation rate was observed among Black (12) and Native American (9) populations. Manic episodes and bipolar disorder were higher among young adults (47 and 4554); teenagers (13-17) showed a higher presentation rate for all other mood disorders.ConclusionNo charge (uninsured), teenagers (13-17), females, native Americans, and south and midwest regions showed a higher rate of mood disorder presentations among the population. Understanding these variances could play a vital role in highlighting the need for new innovative care approaches. Comprehensive mental health programs in collaboration with educational and community organizations and other stakeholders could be vital to addressing mood and mental health among these populations. This approach tackles several social influencers such as stigma and support to ensure effectiveness and sustainability.conclusion.
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Project description:ImportanceAdolescent access to firearms increases their risk of firearm injury.ObjectiveTo examine adolescent firearm access in homes with guns, how storage may modify access, and discordance between parent and adolescent report of access.Design, setting, and participantsThis survey study used data on parents and their adolescent children from a nationally representative online survey of adults in gun-owning households, conducted from June 30 to August 11, 2019. Individuals who owned firearms and parents of adolescents were oversampled. All parents living with a child aged 13 to 17 years were invited to have their child participate in a separate survey. Respondents with more than 1 adolescent living with them were asked to choose the child with the most recent birthday. Analyses were conducted from June 1, 2020, to January 4, 2021.Main outcomes and measuresFirearm access was assessed by asking adolescents how long it would take to access a loaded gun in their home. Parents were asked whether their child could independently access a household firearm. Individuals who owned guns reported firearm storage practices. Study-specific poststratification weights adjusted for survey nonresponse and undercoverage or overcoverage resulting from the study-specific sample design and for benchmark demographic distributions.ResultsOf 6721 adults invited to participate, 4030 completed the survey. Of these, 280 had a firearm in their homes and had a child aged 13 to 17 years who participated in the survey. The mean (SD) age of parents was 45.2 (7.2) years; of children, 15.0 (1.4) years. The sample included 159 male adolescents (weighted percentage, 60.8%; 95% CI, 53.8%-67.8%) and 129 male adults (weighted percentage, 48.3%; 95% CI, 40.9%-55.6%). In 33.9% (95% CI, 26.7%-41.2%) of households, an adolescent reported that they could access a loaded firearm in less than 5 minutes. In homes where all guns were locked, 23.7% (95% CI, 12.3%-35.1%) of adolescents reported that they could access a loaded firearm in less than 5 minutes. Overall, 70.4% (95% CI, 63.7%-77.1%) of parents reported that their child could not access a household firearm. In households where parents said their child could not access a firearm, 21.8% (95% CI 13.8%-29.7%) of their children indicated that they could access a firearm within 5 minutes and 14.9% (95% CI, 8.9%-20.9%) indicated that they could access a firearm in more than 5 minutes but less than 1 hour.Conclusions and relevanceIn this study, many adolescents reported having ready access to loaded guns in their homes, even when all household firearms were locked. Many adolescents who reported having access to household firearms lived with parents who knew their children had access, but others lived with parents who did not know. These finding should inform prevention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent access to household firearms.
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