Arsenic Methylation Capacity and Metabolic Syndrome in the 2013-2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Pace C
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5800267 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that individuals should minimize their dietary cholesterol intake. However, current dietary cholesterol intake and its food sources have not been well-characterized. We examined dietary cholesterol intake by age, sex, race, and food sources using 24-h dietary recall data from a nationally representative sample of 5047 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in NHANES (2013?2014 survey cycle). We also reported trends in cholesterol intake across the past seven NHANES surveys. Mean dietary cholesterol intake was 293 mg/day (348 mg/day for men and 242 mg/day for women) in the 2013?2014 survey cycle; 39% of adults had dietary cholesterol intake above 300 mg/day (46% for men and 28% for women). Meat, eggs, grain products, and milk were the highest four food sources of cholesterol, contributing to 96% of the total consumption. Both average cholesterol intake and food source varied by age, sex, and race (each p < 0.05). Mean cholesterol intake of the overall population had been relatively constant at ~290 mg/day from 2001?2002 to 2013?2014 (p-trend = 0.98). These results should inform public health efforts in implementing dietary guidelines and tailoring dietary recommendations.
| S-EPMC6024549 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Long-term outcomes of supplemental calcium are inadequately understood. Recent research suggests that calcium from supplements may not be entirely free from unintended health consequences. Consequently, it is important to understand patterns and trends in use of calcium supplements. OBJECTIVE:To report trends in supplemental calcium intake between 1999 and 2014, using NHANES data, overall and stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and age. METHODS:A total of 42,038 adult NHANES participants were included in this analysis. For each survey period, we calculated the prevalence of calcium supplement use exceeding the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL), and mean daily supplemental calcium dose among calcium-containing supplement users. Sample weights were applied. Linear regression was used to examine trends. RESULTS:Overall, the prevalence of calcium supplement use at a dose ?EAR increased between 1999 and 2000 and 2013-2014, from 2.5% (95% CI: 1.9-3.3%) to 4.6% (3.8-5.5%). Use ?EAR peaked in 2003-2004 at 6.7% (5.3-8.5%) (p-quadratic trend<0.001). Mean supplemental calcium intake peaked in 2007-2008, thereafter decreasing (p-quadratic trend<0.001). The overall prevalence of intake ?UL from supplemental calcium in 2013-2014 was 0.4% (0.2-0.8%). Use of supplemental calcium ?UL peaked during 2007-2008 at 1.2% (0.7-2.0%). In all time periods, supplemental calcium intake tended to be greater among women, non-Hispanic whites and adults >60years. CONCLUSIONS:We described the prevalence of U.S. adults consuming supplemental calcium ?UL and ? EAR. While few were consuming supplemental calcium ?UL, consumption ?EAR was not uncommon, especially among women, non-Hispanic whites and older adults.
| S-EPMC5924724 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Data on beverage consumption patterns in early life are limited. The aim of this study was to describe beverage consumption by sociodemographic characteristics, along with water intake and sources of water among U.S. children aged 0-24 months. Data from 2740 children in the 2005-2012 NHANES were analysed. Food intake was determined via one 24-h dietary recall. Beverages were categorised according to What We Eat In America groups. Poverty-Income ratio was used to define household income. During infancy (0-5.9 months and 6-11.9 months) infant formulas were the most commonly consumed beverage, 74.1% and 78.6% of children consuming, respectively. Comparatively fewer children, 41.6% and 24.3%, consumed breast milk. In toddlers (12-24 months), the most commonly consumed beverages were plain milk (83.6% of children consuming), water (68.6%), 100% fruit juice (51.8%) and sweetened beverages (31.2%). Non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American children were more likely to consume sweetened beverages, 100% fruit juice and infant formula than Non-Hispanic white children. Children from lower income households were more likely to consume sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juice and less likely to consume breast milk than children from higher income households. Total water intake increased with age and the contribution of water from food and beverage sources was ~20% and ~80% for all children, respectively. Disparities in beverage consumption by race/ethnicity and income level are apparent in early life.
| S-EPMC5372927 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate, in consumer products is on the rise because of the recent phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Some of these chemicals are also used as plasticizers or lubricants in many consumer products. OBJECTIVES:To assess human exposure to these chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates, and non-PBDE brominated chemicals in a representative sample of the U.S. general population 6years and older from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS:We used solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates to analyze 2666 NHANES urine samples for nine biomarkers: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), di-p-cresylphosphate (DpCP), di-o-cresylphosphate (DoCP), dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). We calculated the geometric mean (GM) and distribution percentiles for the urinary concentrations (both in micrograms per liter [?g/L] and in micrograms per gram of creatinine). We only calculated GMs for analytes with an overall weighted frequency of detection >60%. For those analytes, we also a) determined weighted Pearson correlations among the log10-transformed concentrations, and b) used regression models to evaluate associations of various demographic parameters with urinary concentrations of these biomarkers. RESULTS:We detected BDCIPP and DPHP in approximately 92% of study participants, BCEP in 89%, DNBP in 81%, and BCIPP in 61%. By contrast, we detected the other biomarkers much less frequently: DpCP (13%), DoCP (0.1%), TBBA (5%), and did not detect DBzP in any of the participants. Concentration ranges were highest for DPHP (<0.16-193?g/L), BDCIPP (<0.11-169?g/L), and BCEP (<0.08-110?g/L). Regardless of race/ethnicity, 6-11year old children had significantly higher BCEP adjusted GMs than other age groups. Females had significantly higher DPHP and BDCIPP adjusted GM than males, and were more likely than males to have DPHP concentrations above the 95th percentile (odds ratio=3.61; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-6.48). CONCLUSIONS:Our results confirm findings from previous studies suggesting human exposure to OPFRs, and demonstrate, for the first time, widespread exposure to several OPFRs among a representative sample of the U.S. general population 6years of age and older. The observed differences in concentrations of certain OPFRs biomarkers by race/ethnicity, in children compared to other age groups, and in females compared to males may reflect differences in lifestyle and exposure patterns. These NHANES data can be used to stablish a nationally representative baseline of exposures to OPFRs and when combined with future 2-year survey data, to evaluate exposure trends.
| S-EPMC6261284 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that is a major cause of noncervical anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Prophylactic HPV vaccine is available for primary prevention. However, the population prevalence data for male genital HPV infection is not well known, while the HPV vaccination coverage is low in the United States.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of genital HPV infection and the HPV vaccination rate in the United States among adult men and to examine potential risk factors for HPV infection.Design, setting, and participantsThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) samples a representative cross-section of the US population. Men aged 18 to 59 years were examined in mobile examination centers during the NHANES 2013-2014. DNA was extracted from self-collected penile swab specimens, and HPV genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Demographic and vaccination information was gathered via self-report during home-based standardized interviews. Binary multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of HPV infection.Main outcomes and measuresThe prevalence of genital HPV infection and the HPV vaccination coverage rate among adult men.ResultsDuring the NHANES 2013-2014, a total of 1868 men aged 18 to 59 years were examined. The overall genital HPV infection prevalence was 45.2% (95% CI, 41.3%-49.3%). The infection prevalence with at least 1 high-risk HPV subtype defined by DNA testing was 25.1% (95% CI, 23.0%-27.3%). In vaccine-eligible men, the prevalence of infection with at least 1 HPV strain targeted by the HPV 4-valent vaccine and HPV 9-valent vaccine was 7.1% (95% CI, 5.1%-9.5%) and 15.4% (95% CI, 11.7%-19.6%), respectively. Among vaccine-eligible men, the HPV vaccination coverage was 10.7% (95% CI, 7.8%-14.6%).Conclusions and relevanceAmong men aged 18 to 59 years in the United States, the overall prevalence of genital HPV infection was 45.2% (95% CI, 41.3%-49.3%). The overall genital HPV infection prevalence appears to be widespread among all age groups of men, and the HPV vaccination coverage is low.
| S-EPMC5540044 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are replacing bisphenol A (BPA) in the manufacturing of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Data on current human exposure levels of these substitutes are needed to aid in the assessment of their human health risks. This study analyzed urinary bisphenol levels in adults (N = 1808) and children (N = 868) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014 and investigated demographic and lifestyle factors associated with urinary levels of bisphenols. BPA, BPS, and BPF were detected in 95.7, 89.4, and 66.5% of randomly selected urine samples analyzed as part of NHANES 2013-2014, respectively. Median levels of BPA in U.S. adult were higher (1.24 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.35 and 0.37 μg/L, respectively). For children, median BPA levels were also higher (1.25 μg/L) than BPF and BPS levels (0.32 and 0.29 μg/L, respectively). The limits of detection for BPA, BPF, and BPS were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. Urinary levels showed associations with gender, race/ethnicity, family income, physical activity, smoking, and/or alcohol intake that depended on the specific bisphenol. The results of this study indicate that exposure of the general U.S. population to BPA substitutes is almost ubiquitous. Because exposures differ across the U.S. population, further studies of environmental, consumer, and lifestyle factors affecting BPF and BPS exposures are warranted.
| S-EPMC6028148 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundNo study has quantified trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiovascular health metrics among obese people in the United States in recent years.Methods and resultsWe examined the secular changes in cardiovascular health metrics and key cardiovascular disease risk factors among obese adults (aged ?20 years) in the United States. We included 18 626 obese adults (body mass index ?30) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and NHANES 1999-2014. Among those obese adults, there were decreases in mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol levels and increases in mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and mean hemoglobin A1c levels. Prevalence of blood pressure health and lipid health remained stable during the period 1988-2014, whereas prevalence of blood glucose health decreased significantly during this period. Prevalence of freedom from cardiovascular disease risk factors remained stable at ?15% among the adult obese population during the period 1988-2014, whereas prevalence of presence of all 3 risk factors increased from 16.4% to 22.4% during this period, commensurate with a decline in those with 1 to 2 risk factors (from 69.6% to 62.4%).ConclusionsDuring the past 3 decades, blood pressure health and blood lipid health remained stable or improved, whereas blood glucose health deteriorated among adult obese population. This resulted in an overall decrease in cardiovascular health status among obese adults and greater risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The data argue for interventions targeted to those obese persons who are metabolically unhealthy to stem rising rates of diabetes mellitus.
| S-EPMC5015398 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Excessive fluoride consumption affects reproductive and child health. We examined the association between levels of fluoride in drinking water and birth weight, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016, after adjusting for known risk factors Low Birth Weight (LBW) including age, smoking, and socio-demographic variables including education, food security, health care access, and health status. Methods: The study included 7147 and 6858 women with complete birth weight and water fluoride data, respectively. Linear regression models evaluated the association between water fluoride and birth weight across racial/ethnic groups. The odds of delivering an LBW infant (<2500 g) compared to an infant weighing ≥ 2500 g, as well as the odds of delivering a Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW, <1500 g) infant compared to an LBW infant were explored in separate logistic regression models. Results: Women with LBW infants were exposed to significantly higher levels of water fluoride compared to those with normal birth weight infants. Our findings suggest a significant association between excess water fluoride exposure (>0.7 ppm) and LBW weight in Hispanic women, independent of established LBW risk factors. In logistic regression models, Hispanic women exposed to increased levels of water fluoride were 1.5 times more likely to give birth to an LBW infant and 3.5 more likely to give birth to a VLBW infant. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings can inform public health education strategies that highlight water fluoride as a potential risk factor during pregnancy in Hispanic women. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
| S-EPMC9332356 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Cigarette smoking is common in persons living with hepatitis C (hepatitis C+), but national statistics on this harmful practice are lacking. A better understanding of smoking behaviors in hepatitis C+ individuals may help in the development of targeted treatment strategies. METHODS:We extracted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2014. Hepatitis C+ were compared with hepatitis C- adults in the entire sample and in the subset of current smokers. Measures included demographics, current smoking, cigarettes/day, nicotine dependence, other tobacco use, substance use, and medical and psychiatric comorbidities. RESULTS:Complete smoking and hepatitis C virus (HCV) data were available for 39,472 (90.1%) of 43,793 adult participants in NHANES during the study years. Hepatitis C+ smoked at almost triple the rate of hepatitis C- adults (62.4% vs 22.9%), with no significant difference between hepatitis C+ men and women (64.5% vs 58.2%). Hepatitis C+ smokers were more likely to smoke daily than hepatitis C- smokers (87.5% vs 80.0%), but had similar levels of nicotine dependence. Hepatitis C+ smokers were more likely to be older (mean age: 47.1 vs 41.5 years), male (69.4% vs 54.4%), Black (21.2% vs 12.1%), less educated (any college: 31.8% vs 42.9%), poor (mean family monthly poverty index: 1.80 vs 2.47), uninsured (43.9% vs 30.4%), use drugs (cocaine: 11.1% vs 3.2%; heroin: 4.0% vs 0.6%), and be depressed (33.2% vs 13.5%). Multivariate analyses revealed significant associations of both hepatitis C infection and cigarette smoking with current depression and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS:There is a cigarette smoking epidemic embedded within the hepatitis C epidemic in the United States. The sociodemographic profile of hepatitis C+ smokers suggests that the implementation of effective tobacco treatment will be challenging. Thoughtful treatment strategies that are mindful of the unique characteristics of this group are needed.
| S-EPMC5963992 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTo evaluate the association of liver fibrosis scores with PSA level among U.S. adult men overall and by race/ethnicity.MethodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001-2010, were used. Males ages ≥40 years without a prostate cancer diagnosis and who had serum PSA, liver enzymes, albumin, and platelet counts measured as part of NHANES protocol were included. Liver fibrosis was measured using three scores: aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis 4 index (FIB-4), and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS). We assessed overall and race/ethnicity-stratified geometric mean PSA by fibrosis score using predictive margins by linear regression, and the association of abnormal fibrosis scores (APRI > 1, FIB-4 > 2.67, NFS > 0.676) and elevated PSA (>4 ng/mL) by logistic regression.ResultsA total of 6,705 men were included. Abnormal liver fibrosis scores were present in 2.1% (APRI), 3.6% (FIB-4), and 5.6% (NFS). Men with higher fibrosis scores had lower geometric mean PSA (all P trend < 0.02). Men with abnormal APRI had a lower odds of PSA > 4 ng/mL [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.11-0.96]. Compared with men with 0 abnormal scores, those with 2 or 3 abnormal fibrosis scores had a lower odds of PSA > 4 ng/mL (aOR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.91). The patterns were similar by race/ethnicity.ConclusionsMen of all race/ethnicities with higher liver fibrosis scores had lower serum PSA, and men with advanced fibrosis scores had a lower odds of an elevated PSA.ImpactThese findings support further research to inform the likelihood of delay in prostate cancer detection in men with abnormal liver function.
| S-EPMC6677604 | biostudies-literature