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When Proactivity Fails: An Electrophysiological Study of Establishing Reference in Schizophrenia.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in referential communication, which may be linked to more general deficits in proactive cognitive control. We used event-related potentials to probe the timing and nature of the neural mechanisms engaged as people with schizophrenia linked pronouns to their preceding referents during word-by-word sentence comprehension. METHODS:We measured event-related potentials to pronouns in two-clause sentences in 16 people with schizophrenia and 20 demographically matched control participants. Our design crossed the number of potential referents (1-referent, 2-referent) with whether the pronoun matched the gender of its preceding referent(s) (matching, mismatching). This gave rise to four conditions: 1) 1-referent matching ("Edward took courses in accounting but he . . ."); 2) 2-referent matching ("Edward and Phillip took courses but he . . . "); 3) 1-referent mismatching ("Edward took courses in accounting but she . . ."); and 4) 2-referent mismatching ("Edward and Phillip took courses but she . . ."). RESULTS:Consistent with previous findings, healthy control participants produced a larger left anteriorly distributed negativity between 400 and 600 ms to 2-referent matching than to 1-referent matching pronouns (the "Nref effect"). In contrast, people with schizophrenia produced a larger centroposterior positivity effect between 600 and 800 ms. Both patient and control groups produced a larger positivity between 400 and 800 ms to mismatching than to matching pronouns. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that proactive mechanisms of referential processing, reflected by the Nref effect, are impaired in schizophrenia, while reactive mechanisms, reflected by the positivity effects, are relatively spared. Indeed, patients may compensate for proactive deficits by retroactively engaging with context to influence the processing of inputs at a later stage of analysis.

SUBMITTER: Kuperberg GR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5801772 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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When Proactivity Fails: An Electrophysiological Study of Establishing Reference in Schizophrenia.

Kuperberg Gina R GR Ditman Tali T Choi Perrachione Arim A

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging 20170928 1

<h4>Background</h4>Schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in referential communication, which may be linked to more general deficits in proactive cognitive control. We used event-related potentials to probe the timing and nature of the neural mechanisms engaged as people with schizophrenia linked pronouns to their preceding referents during word-by-word sentence comprehension.<h4>Methods</h4>We measured event-related potentials to pronouns in two-clause sentences in 16 people with schiz ...[more]

PMID: 29397083

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Project description:IntroductionAgeing in the human bone marrow is associated with immune function decline that results in the elderly being vulnerable to illnesses. A comprehensive healthy bone marrow consensus atlas can serve as a reference to study the immunological changes associated with ageing, and to identify and study abnormal cell states.MethodsWe collected publicly available single cell transcriptomic data of 145 healthy samples encompassing a wide spectrum of ages ranging from 2 to 84 years old to construct our human bone marrow atlas. The final atlas has 673,750 cells and 54 annotated cell types.ResultsWe first characterised the changes in cell population sizes with respect to age and the corresponding changes in gene expression and pathways. Overall, we found significant age-associated changes in the lymphoid lineage cells. The naïve CD8+ T cell population showed significant shrinkage with ageing while the effector/memory CD4+ T cells increased in proportion. We also found an age-correlated decline in the common lymphoid progenitor population, in line with the commonly observed myeloid skew in haematopoiesis among the elderly. We then employed our cell type-specific ageing gene signatures to develop a machine learning model that predicts the biological age of bone marrow samples, which we then applied to healthy individuals and those with blood diseases. Finally, we demonstrated how to identify abnormal cell states by mapping disease samples onto the atlas. We accurately identified abnormal plasma cells and erythroblasts in multiple myeloma samples, and abnormal cells in acute myeloid leukaemia samples.DiscussionThe bone marrow is the site of haematopoiesis, a highly important bodily process. We believe that our healthy bone marrow atlas is a valuable reference for studying bone marrow processes and bone marrow-related diseases. It can be mined for novel discoveries, as well as serve as a reference scaffold for mapping samples to identify and investigate abnormal cells.

Dataset Information

When Proactivity Fails: An Electrophysiological Study of Establishing Reference in Schizophrenia.

Publications

When Proactivity Fails: An Electrophysiological Study of Establishing Reference in Schizophrenia.

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