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Early childhood risk factors for constipation and soiling at school age: an observational cohort study.

ABSTRACT: Objective:Constipation and soiling are common in childhood. This study examines the comorbidity between childhood constipation and soiling and early childhood risk factors for these problems. Design:The sample comprised 8435 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with maternally reported measures of constipation (six time points between 4 and 10?years) and soiling (five time points between 4 and 9?years). We used latent class analysis to extract longitudinal patterns of constipation and soiling. We examined whether the latent classes are differentially associated with maternally reported risk factors in early childhood (stool consistency, breast feeding, socioeconomic background, gestation, birth weight, developmental level and age at initiation of toilet training) using multinomial logistic regression models. Results:We extracted four latent classes: 'normative' (74.5%: very low probability of constipation or soiling), 'constipation alone' (13.2%), 'soiling alone' (7.5%) and 'constipation with soiling' (4.8%). Hard stools at 2½ years were associated with increased odds of constipation alone. Developmental delay at 18 months was associated soiling alone and constipation with soiling, but not constipation alone. We found limited evidence of associations with socioeconomic background and no evidence of associations with age at initiation of toilet training, breast feeding, gestational age or birth weight. Conclusion:Constipation alone was the most prevalent pattern in this cohort. Treatment for hard stools in early childhood is needed to prevent chronic constipation at school age. Constipation with soiling was less common than soiling alone. Further research is needed into the causes of non-retentive soiling.

SUBMITTER: Heron J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5843013 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Early childhood risk factors for constipation and soiling at school age: an observational cohort study.

Heron Jon J Grzeda Mariusz M Tappin David D von Gontard Alexander A Joinson Carol C

BMJ paediatrics open 20180221 1

<h4>Objective</h4>Constipation and soiling are common in childhood. This study examines the comorbidity between childhood constipation and soiling and early childhood risk factors for these problems.<h4>Design</h4>The sample comprised 8435 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with maternally reported measures of constipation (six time points between 4 and 10 years) and soiling (five time points between 4 and 9 years). We used latent class analysis to extract long ...[more]

PMID: 29637194

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Project description:BackgroundDespite evidences of breastfeeding for preventing acute physical illnesses in infants, the evidence for the association between breastfeeding and long-term cognitive development is not yet convincing.MethodsThe data of nationwide representative sample of 1752 children born between 2008 and 2009 in Korea were prospectively assessed from the fetal period to examine the benefits of breastfeeding and cognitive development. Breastfeeding duration was prospectively assessed by parents. The Korean Ages and Stages Questionnaire and the Korean version of Denver II were used to assess early development annually from 5.5 to 26.2 months of age. Language development at 3 years of age was assessed with Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Tests. Cognitive function at 8 years of age was assessed using multifactorial intelligence test.ResultsIn the analysis of categorical variables, children who were breastfed for > 1 and ≤ 3 months displayed significantly higher odds ratios for delayed development assessed with Korean Ages and Stages Questionnaire at 14.1 months than those breastfed for > 3 and ≤ 6 months (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.50), but no significant differences in other rounds of assessments. In the analysis with continuous variables, there were significant differences among six groups of breastfeeding duration in communication (F = 3.72; p < 0.002) and problem solving (F = 3.09; p < 0.009) at 14.1 months, expressive language (F = 3.74; p = 0.002) at 3 years, and calculation (F = 2.43; p < 0.033) at 8 years. When analyzed by two groups, children breastfed for > 3 months scored significantly higher on the communication (F = 17.71; p < 0.001) and problem-solving (F = 11.26; p < 0.001) subscales at 14.1 months, and expressive language (F = 12.85; p < 0.001) at 3 years, and vocabulary (F = 6.78; p = 0.009) and language inference (F = 5.62; p = 0.018) at 8 years, compared to children breastfed for 3 months or less.ConclusionWe found that cognitive development was improved in children that were breastfed for > 3 months. Although these results are supported by previous studies, it is important to note that other factors were reported as larger determinants of cognitive development than breastfeeding. Future studies that examine the underlying mechanism for the association between breastfeeding and cognitive development are warranted.

Dataset Information

Early childhood risk factors for constipation and soiling at school age: an observational cohort study.

Publications

Early childhood risk factors for constipation and soiling at school age: an observational cohort study.

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