Melatonin suppresses thyroid cancer growth and overcomes radioresistance via inhibition of p65 phosphorylation and induction of ROS.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Zou ZW
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5854931 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Radiotherapy is one of the major remedies for the treatment of cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Radioresistance occurs very often in target cells that is a large drawback in cancer treated with radiotherapy. Livin involves the over-growth of cancer cells. This study aims to investigate the role of livin in the radioresistance formation in NPC cells. METHODS:NPC cell lines were exposed to small doses of irradiation to establish a cell model of radioresistance, in which the role of livin in the development of radioresistance was evaluated. RESULTS:The expression of livin was observed in NPC cells, which was significantly increased after exposing to small doses of irradiation. A negative correlation was detected between livin and Fas expression in NPC cells. Livin formed a complex with heat shock factor-1 (HSF1, the transcription factor of Fas) in NPC cells after irradiation, which sped up ubiquitination of HSF1. Livin was involved in suppressing Fas expression in NPC cells with radioresistance. Exposure to livin inhibitors prevented radioresistance development and overcame the established radioresistance in NPC cells. CONCLUSIONS:Livin expression in NPC cells plays a critical role in the development of radioresistance. Depletion of livin increases the sensitiveness of NPC cells to irradiation. Target therapy against livin may have the translational potential for the treatment of NPC.
| S-EPMC7051067 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Aurora B kinase is aberrantly overexpressed in various tumors and shown to be a promising target for anti-cancer therapy. In human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the high protein level of Aurora B is required for maintaining of malignant phenotypes, including in vitro cell growth, colony formation, and in vivo tumor development. By molecular modeling screening of 74 commercially available natural products, we identified that Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), as a potential Aurora B kinase inhibitor. The in silico docking study indicates that Tan IIA docks into the ATP-binding pocket of Aurora B, which is further confirmed by in vitro kinase assay, ex vivo pull-down, and ATP competitive binding assay. Tan IIA exhibited a significant anti-tumor effect on OSCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, including reduction of Aurora B and histone H3 phosphorylation, induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest, increase the population of polyploid cells, and promotion of apoptosis. The in vivo mouse model revealed that Tan IIA delayed tumor growth of OSCC cells. Tan IIA alone or in combination with radiation overcame radioresistance in OSCC xenograft tumors. Taken together, our data indicate that Tan IIA is an Aurora B kinase inhibitor with therapeutic potentials for cancer treatment.
| S-EPMC7862432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tumors are composed of subpopulations of cancer cells with functionally distinct features. Intratumoral heterogeneity limits the therapeutic effectiveness of cancer drugs. To address this issue, it is important to understand the regulatory mechanisms driving a subclonal variety within a therapy-resistant tumor. We identified tumor subclones of HN9 head and neck cancer cells showing distinct responses to radiation with different levels of p62 expression. Genetically identical grounds but epigenetic heterogeneity of the p62 promoter regions revealed that radioresistant HN9-R clones displayed low p62 expression via the creation of repressive chromatin architecture, in which cooperation between DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferases 1) and HDAC1 (histone deacetylases 1) resulted in DNA methylation and repressive H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks in the p62 promoter. Combined inhibition of DNMT1 and HDAC1 by genetic depletion or inhibitors enhanced the suppressive effects on proliferative capacity and in vivo tumorigenesis following irradiation. Importantly, ectopically p62-overexpressed HN9-R clones increased the induction of senescence along with p62-dependent autophagy activation. These results demonstrate the heterogeneous expression of p62 as the key component of clonal variation within a tumor against irradiation. Understanding the epigenetic diversity of p62 heterogeneity among subclones allows for improved identification of the functional state of subclones and provides a novel treatment option to resolve resistance to current therapies.
| S-EPMC7935951 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) secondary kinase domain T790M non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) mutation enhances receptor catalytic activity and confers resistance to the reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Currently, irreversible inhibitors represent the primary approach in clinical use to circumvent resistance. We show that higher concentrations of the irreversible EGFR inhibitor CL-387,785 are required to inhibit EGFR phosphorylation in T790M-expressing cells compared with EGFR mutant NSCLC cells without T790M. Additionally, CL-387,785 does not fully suppress phosphorylation of other activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in T790M-expressing cells. These deficiencies result in residual Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activities. Full suppression of EGFR-mediated signaling in T790M-expressing cells requires the combination of CL-387,785 and rapamycin. In contrast, Hsp90 inhibition overcomes these limitations in vitro and depletes cells of EGFR, other RTKs, and phospho-Akt and inhibits mTOR signaling whether or not T790M is present. EGFR-T790M-expressing cells rendered resistant to CL-387,785 by a kinase switch mechanism retain sensitivity to Hsp90 inhibition. Finally, Hsp90 inhibition causes regression in murine lung adenocarcinomas driven by mutant EGFR (L858R) with or without T790M. However, efficacy in the L858R-T790M model requires a more intense treatment schedule and responses were transient. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors may be effective in T790M-expressing cells and offer an alternative therapeutic strategy for this subset of lung cancers.
| S-EPMC3272303 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aberrant hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays important roles in multiple cancer types, therefore serving as a promising drug target. Current clinically available hedgehog-targeted drugs act mostly by antagonizing the upstream component smoothened; however, both primary and acquired resistance to FDA-approved smoothened inhibitor (SMOi) drugs have been described. We have recently demonstrated that the BET inhibitor effectively suppresses SMOi-resistant Hh-driven cancers through antagonizing transcription of GLI1 and GLI2, the core transcriptional factors of Hh pathway, suggesting epigenetic or transcriptional targeted therapy represents an anti-Hh therapeutic strategy that can overcome SMOi resistance. Here we performed an unbiased screening of epigenetic or transcriptional targeted small molecules to test their inhibitory effects on GLI1 and GLI2 transcription or cell viability of Hh-driven tumor lines. THZ1, a covalent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), is identified as the top hit in our screening. We then confirmed that antagonizing CDK7 by either small-molecule inhibitors or the CRISPR-Cas9 approach causes substantial suppression of GLI1 and GLI2 transcription, resulting in effective inhibition of Hh-driven cancers in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, antagonizing CDK7 retains inhibitory activity against Hh-driven cancers with almost all so-far described primary or acquired SMOi resistance. Furthermore, we reveal a synergy between CDK7 inhibition and BET inhibition on antagonizing aberrant Hh pathway and Hh-driven cancers that are either responsive or resistant to SMOi. Our results illustrate transcriptional inhibition through targeting CDK7 as a promising therapeutic strategy for treating Hh-driven cancers, especially those with primary or acquired resistance to SMOi drugs.
| S-EPMC6600918 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hepatic fibrosis is the first stage of liver disease, and can progress to a chronic status, such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components plays an important role in the development of fibrosis. Mechanistically, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-induced phosphorylation of Smad is thought to be a key signaling pathway in the development of liver fibrosis. Although the natural isoquinoline alkaloid oxoglaucine (1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one) exerts numerous beneficial effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoarthritic effects in diverse cell types, the effects of oxoglaucine on liver fibrosis and fibrogenic gene expression have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the signaling pathway and antifibrotic activity of isoquinoline alkaloid oxoglaucine in TFGβ-induced hepatic fibrosis in vitro. Using Hepa1c1c7 cells and primary hepatocytes, we demonstrated that oxoglaucine treatment resulted in inhibition of the expression of fibrosis markers such as collagen, fibronectin, and alpha-SMA. Subsequent experiments showed that oxoglaucine suppressed TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, without altering cell proliferation. We further determined that the increase in Smad7 by oxoglaucine treatment is responsible for the inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation and the anti-fibrogenic effects. These findings indicate that oxoglaucine plays a crucial role in suppression of fibrosis in hepatocytes, thereby making it a potential drug candidate for treatment of liver fibrosis.
| S-EPMC10343928 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Radiotherapy induces DNA damage, resulting in cell-cycle arrest and activation of cell-intrinsic death pathways. However, the radioresistance of some tumour entities such as malignant melanoma limits its clinical application. The innate immune sensing receptor retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is ubiquitously expressed and upon activation triggers an immunogenic form of cell death in a variety of tumour cell types including melanoma. To date, the potential of RIG-I ligands to overcome radioresistance of tumour cells has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrate that RIG-I activation enhanced the extent and immunogenicity of irradiation-induced tumour cell death in human and murine melanoma cells in vitro and improved survival in the murine B16 melanoma model in vivo. Transcriptome analysis pointed to a central role for p53, which was confirmed using p53-/- B16 cells. In vivo, the additional effect of RIG-I in combination with irradiation on tumour growth was absent in mice carrying p53-/- B16 tumours, while the antitumoural response to RIG-I stimulation alone was maintained. Our results identify p53 as a pivotal checkpoint that is triggered by RIG-I resulting in enhanced irradiation-induced tumour cell death. Thus, the combined administration of RIG-I ligands and radiotherapy is a promising approach to treating radioresistant tumours with a functional p53 pathway, such as melanoma.
| S-EPMC10394996 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) is a 755 amino acid protein found in the cell cytoplasm which binds to actin and promotes cytoskeleton organization and is a known suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma metastasis This study demonstrated that preservation of MTSS1 protein expression in lung adenocarcinoma was associated with a 20% 5-year survival advantage in patients. Furthermore, overexpression of MTSS1 was found to reduce metastasis and disease progression in an in-vivo orthotopic lung adenocarcinoma mouse model. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), an important nuclear transcription factor, has been shown to be constitutively active in lung adenocarcinoma and strongly associated with the development of metastasis. The NF-kB RelA/p65 subunit is involved in NF-kB heterodimer formation and subsequent nuclear translocation leading to activation of NF-kB responsive gene transcription. Phosphorylation and acetylation of p65 are critical post-translational modifications required for NF-kB activation. In this study, we demonstrate that MTSS1 expression leads to decreased NF-κB mediated gene transcription through inhibition of p65 phosphorylation. These findings uncover a novel mechanism through which MTSS1 may regulate lung adenocarcinoma metastasis by impairment of NF-κB regulated gene transcription.
2024-07-07 | GSE179644 | GEO
Project description:Currently, there is limited understanding about hormonal regulation of mitochondrial turnover. Thyroid hormone (T3) increases oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage mitochondria. However, the mechanism for maintenance of mitochondrial activity and quality control by this hormone is not known. Here, we used both in vitro and in vivo hepatic cell models to demonstrate that induction of mitophagy by T3 is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation and ROS production. We show that T3 induction of ROS activates CAMKK2 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, ?) mediated phosphorylation of PRKAA1/AMPK (5' AMP-activated protein kinase), which in turn phosphorylates ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) leading to its mitochondrial recruitment and initiation of mitophagy. Furthermore, loss of ULK1 in T3-treated cells impairs both mitophagy as well as OXPHOS without affecting T3 induced general autophagy/lipophagy. These findings demonstrate a novel ROS-AMPK-ULK1 mechanism that couples T3-induced mitochondrial turnover with activity, wherein mitophagy is necessary not only for removing damaged mitochondria but also for sustaining efficient OXPHOS.
| S-EPMC4590606 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOne of the key limitations of targeted cancer therapies is the rapid onset of therapy resistance. Taking BRAF-mutant melanoma as paradigm, we previously identified the lipogenic regulator SREBP-1 as a central mediator of resistance to MAPK-targeted therapy. Reasoning that lipogenesis-mediated alterations in membrane lipid poly-unsaturation lie at the basis of therapy resistance, we targeted fatty acid synthase (FASN) as key player in this pathway to evoke an exquisite vulnerability to clinical inducers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby rationalizing a novel clinically actionable combination therapy to overcome therapy resistance.MethodsUsing gene expression analysis and mass spectrometry-based lipidomics of BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines, melanoma PDX and clinical data sets, we explored the association of FASN expression with membrane lipid poly-unsaturation and therapy-resistance. Next, we treated therapy-resistant models with a preclinical FASN inhibitor TVB-3664 and a panel of ROS inducers and performed ROS analysis, lipid peroxidation tests and real-time cell proliferation assays. Finally, we explored the combination of MAPK inhibitors, TVB-3664 and arsenic trioxide (ATO, as a clinically used ROS-inducer) in Mel006 BRAF mutant PDX as a gold model of therapy resistance and assessed the effect on tumor growth, survival and systemic toxicity.ResultsWe found that FASN expression is consistently increased upon the onset of therapy resistance in clinical melanoma samples, in cell lines and in Mel006 PDX and is associated with decreased lipid poly-unsaturation. Forcing lipid poly-unsaturation in therapy-resistant models by combining MAPK inhibition with FASN inhibition attenuated cell proliferation and rendered cells exquisitely sensitive to a host of ROS inducers. In particular, the triple combination of MAPK inhibition, FASN inhibition, and the clinical ROS-inducing compound ATO dramatically increased survival of Mel006 PDX models from 15 to 72% with no associated signs of toxicity.ConclusionsWe conclude that under MAPK inhibition the direct pharmacological inhibition of FASN evokes an exquisite vulnerability to inducers of ROS by increasing membrane lipid poly-unsaturation. The exploitation of this vulnerability by combining MAPK and/or FASN inhibitors with inducers of ROS greatly delays the onset of therapy resistance and increases survival. Our work identifies a clinically actionable combinatorial treatment for therapy-resistant cancer.
| S-EPMC10114329 | biostudies-literature