Dataset Information

Short Communication: Anatomic Site of Sampling and the Rectal Mucosal Microbiota in HIV Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaging in Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse.

ABSTRACT: Rectal transmission accounts for the majority of HIV transmissions among men who have sex with men (MSM). We previously demonstrated a distinct rectal mucosal immune environment in MSM engaging in condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) compared with men who do not engage in anal intercourse, including enrichment of the microbiota for the Prevotellaceae family as compared with Bacteroidaceae. Here, we expand upon these previous findings to determine differences by anatomic site of collection (anal vs. rectal mucosa) and examine associations of the predominant taxa with other genera. We analyzed 16SrRNA gene sequences of the V1-V2 region generated on an Illumina MiSeq® from 35 MSM engaging in CRAI and 20 male controls. Observation by principal coordinates analysis and analysis of similarities test showed differing composition of the microbiota by anatomic site of collection. When analyzing the top 10 abundant genera from each anatomic site by generalized linear models, the predominant genera (Prevotella enrichment among MSM engaging in CRAI vs. Bacteroides among controls) were consistent; however, the two sites shared only four common genera. In addition, associations between the relative abundance of Prevotella and Bacteroides with other prevalent genera, by Spearman's rank correlations, were inconsistent when stratifying by study group. Prevotella versus Bacteroides predominant microbiota may not define a consistent underlying microbial community, and our data underline the importance of anatomic sampling site. Understanding the rectal mucosal immune environment, of which the microbiota is a critical component, will enable a better understanding of rectal HIV transmission.

SUBMITTER: Pescatore NA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5863096 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Short Communication: Anatomic Site of Sampling and the Rectal Mucosal Microbiota in HIV Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaging in Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse.

Pescatore Nicole A NA Pollak Rebecca R Kraft Colleen S CS Mulle Jennifer G JG Kelley Colleen F CF

AIDS research and human retroviruses 20180207 3

Rectal transmission accounts for the majority of HIV transmissions among men who have sex with men (MSM). We previously demonstrated a distinct rectal mucosal immune environment in MSM engaging in condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) compared with men who do not engage in anal intercourse, including enrichment of the microbiota for the Prevotellaceae family as compared with Bacteroidaceae. Here, we expand upon these previous findings to determine differences by anatomic site of collectio ...[more]

PMID: 29308654

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Project description:IntroductionWe previously showed that the rectal mucosal immune environment among men who have sex with men (MSM) engaging in condomless receptive anal intercourse (CRAI) is immunologically distinct from that of men who do not engage in anal intercourse (AI). Here, we further examined these differences with quantitative immunohistochemistry to better understand the geographic distribution of immune markers of interest.MethodsWe enrolled a cohort of MSM engaging in CRAI (n = 41) and men who do not engage in AI (n = 21) between October 2013 and April 2015. Participants were healthy, HIV-negative men aged 18-45 from the metro Atlanta area. We performed rectal mucosal sampling via rigid sigmoidoscopy during two study visits separated by a median of nine weeks and timed with sexual activity for MSM engaging in CRAI. We used standardized, automated immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analysis to investigate the rectal mucosal distribution of neutrophils (MPO), IL-17-producing cells (IL-17) and Tregs (FOXP3) in the lamina propria, and cellular proliferation (Ki67) and adherens junction protein (E-cadherin) in the epithelium. We examined associations between biomarker expression and the rectal mucosal microbiota composition by 16s rRNA sequencing.ResultsRelative to the colonic crypt base, IL-17, FOXP3, and MPO expression increased towards the rectal lumen, while Ki67 decreased and E-cadherin was more uniformly distributed. Throughout the rectal mucosa distribution examined, MSM engaging in CRAI had higher mean lamina propria MPO expression (p = 0.04) and epithelial Ki67 (p = 0.04) compared to controls. There were no significant differences in IL-17, FOXP3 or E-cadherin expression. We found no significant associations of the five biomarkers with the global rectal microbiota composition or the individual taxa examined.ConclusionsUnderstanding the mucosal distribution of inflammatory mediators can enhance our knowledge of the earliest events in HIV transmission. Neutrophil enrichment and crypt epithelial cell proliferation likely represent sub-clinical inflammation in response to CRAI in the rectal mucosa of MSM, which could increase the risk for HIV acquisition. However, the contributory role of the microbiota in mucosal inflammation among MSM remains unclear. HIV prevention may be enhanced by interventions that reduce inflammation or capitalize on the presence of specific inflammatory mechanisms during HIV exposure.

Project description:Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a large high-risk population for HIV infection in recent years in China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hangzhou, China, to determine rates of condomless anal intercourse (CAI), recent HIV testing (in the recent year) and associated factors using respondent-driven sampling. Questionnaires using face-to-face interviews were employed to collect data on sexual risk behaviors and HIV testing. Five hundred eleven MSM were recruited, of which 459 (89.8%) had anal intercourse in the past 6 months. Of these 459 participants, 457 (99.6%) answered whether they had taken an HIV test in the recent year, so only their data were analyzed. Weighted data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The CAI rate with male partners in the past 6 months was 43.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.0-51.5%), while the rate of condomless vaginal intercourse (CVI) was 21.6% (95% CI, 15.6-32.3%). The prevalence of recent HIV testing was 56.8% (95% CI, 48.7-66.5%), while the prevalence of HIV and syphilis were 8.8% and 6.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that CAI was associated with earlier homosexual debut, suicidal inclinations, childhood sexual abuse, HIV testing in the recent year, and lower estimate of HIV prevalence. Recent HIV testing was associated with homosexual debut age, engaging in CAI with male partners in the past 6 months, having oral sex in the past 6 months, self-perceived higher likelihood of HIV infection, knowing about antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS, receiving AIDS/sexually transmitted infection (STI) interventions in the past year, and syphilis infection. Given high prevalence of HIV and syphilis, high levels of CAI and CVI, and low HIV testing rate, the results indicated high risk of HIV infection and transmission among MSM. HIV prevention interventions should target MSM with early homosexual debut and psychosocial health problems, while HIV/AIDS education among MSM should focus on increasing knowledge of HIV risk, estimated HIV prevalence and antiretroviral therapy, and improving risk perception of HIV acquisition.

Project description:BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately high burden of new HIV infections while lagging behind other populations with respect to engagement across the HIV care continuum. General risk factors for condomless anal intercourse (CAI) among MSM are well studied but there is a paucity of partner-level data, where emerging evidence suggests that much of the variation in condom use occurs.MethodsMSM were recruited across 10 cities in India using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) from 2016-17. Among the individuals who reported sexual intercourse in the prior 6 months, condom use and partner characteristics of the last 4 partners were captured. Correlates of CAI at the individual and partner level were determined using Poisson regression models using generalized estimating equations and incorporating RDS-II weights, which weights estimates for the participant's network size.ResultsAmong the 8,086 individuals, 21,723 sexual partnerships were analyzed. The prevalence of CAI was 46.9% and most partners were casual or one-time (70.7%) with partner HIV status reported as unknown in 42.6% of the sexual encounters. In multivariable analyses, partner-level characteristics associated with higher likelihood of CAI included unknown partner HIV status (aPR vs. known HIV negative partner: 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-1.43) and use of alcohol/ drugs prior to intercourse either sometimes (aPR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.33-1.51) or always (aPR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.23-1.41). At an individual level, any HIV treatment literacy was associated with a lower likelihood of CAI (aPR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.74-0.86).ConclusionsTo reduce HIV transmission among this population of MSM across India, combination interventions are likely needed. Interventions targeting substance use and education as well as initiatives to increase self-testing are urgently needed among MSM in India and have the potential to reduce HIV transmission in this high-risk population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01686750. Date of Registration: September 18, 2012.

Dataset Information

Short Communication: Anatomic Site of Sampling and the Rectal Mucosal Microbiota in HIV Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaging in Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse.

Publications

Short Communication: Anatomic Site of Sampling and the Rectal Mucosal Microbiota in HIV Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men Engaging in Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse.

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