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Toll-like receptor 3 modulates the behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:The nucleus accumbens in the midbrain dopamine limbic system plays a key role in cocaine addiction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) in the innate immune system that are also involved in drug dependence; however, the detailed mechanism is largely unknown. METHODS:The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of TLR3 in cocaine addiction. Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor activity, and self-administration were used to determine the effects of TLR3 in the rewarding properties of cocaine. Lentivirus-mediated re-expression of Tlr3 (LV-TLR3) was applied to determine if restoration of TLR3 expression in the NAc is sufficient to restore the cocaine effect in TLR3-/- mice. The protein levels of phospho-NF-?B p65, IKK?, and p-I?B? both in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cocaine-induced CPP mice were detected by Western blot. RESULTS:We showed that both TLR3 deficiency and intra-NAc injection of TLR3 inhibitors significantly attenuated cocaine-induced CPP, locomotor activity, and self-administration in mice. Importantly, the TLR3-/- mice that received intra-NAc injection of LV-TLR3 displayed significant increases in cocaine-induced CPP and locomotor activity. Finally, we found that TLR3 inhibitor reverted cocaine-induced upregulation of phospho-NF-?B p65, IKK?, and p-I?B?. CONCLUSIONS:Taken together, our results describe that TLR3 modulates cocaine-induced behaviors and provide further evidence supporting a role for central pro-inflammatory immune signaling in drug reward. We propose that TLR3 blockade could be a novel approach to treat cocaine addiction.

SUBMITTER: Zhu R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5865345 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Toll-like receptor 3 modulates the behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.

Zhu Ruiming R Bu Qian Q Fu Dengqi D Shao Xue X Jiang Linhong L Guo Wei W Chen Bo B Liu Bin B Hu Zhengtao Z Tian Jingwei J Zhao Yinglan Y Cen Xiaobo X

Journal of neuroinflammation 20180323 1

<h4>Background</h4>The nucleus accumbens in the midbrain dopamine limbic system plays a key role in cocaine addiction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) in the innate immune system that are also involved in drug dependence; however, the detailed mechanism is largely unknown.<h4>Methods</h4>The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of TLR3 in cocaine addiction. Cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor activity ...[more]

PMID: 29571298

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Project description:Deletion of Toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9) signaling, which is important for sterile inflammatory processes, results in impaired resolution of venous thrombosis (VT) in mice. The purpose of this study was to determine if deletion of Tlr9 affected sterile necrosis, apoptosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production in VT.Stasis and nonstasis murine models of VT were used in wild-type (WT) and Tlr9-/- mice, with assessment of thrombus size and determination of NETs, necrosis, and apoptosis markers. Anti-polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) and antiplatelet antibody strategies were used to determine the cellular roles and their roles in WT and Tlr9-/- mice.At 2 days, stasis thrombi in Tlr9-/- mice were 62% larger (n = 6-10), with 1.4-fold increased uric acid levels, 1.7-fold more apoptotic cells, 2-fold increased citrullinated histones, 2-fold increased peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), and 1.5-fold increased elastase and a 2.4-fold reduction in tissue factor pathway inhibitor compared with WT mice (all n = 4-7; P < .05). In contrast, the sizes of nonstasis thrombi were not significantly different in Tlr9-/- mice (n = 4-6), and they did not have elevated necrosis or NET markers. Stasis thrombus size was not reduced at the 2-day time point in WT or Tlr9-/- mice that received treatment with deoxyribonuclease I or in PAD4-/- mice, which are incapable of forming NETs. In Tlr9-/- mice undergoing PMN depletion (n = 8-10), stasis thrombus size was reduced 18% and was associated with 29-fold decreased citrullinated histones, 1.3-fold decreased elastase, and 1.5-fold increased tissue factor pathway inhibitor (all n = 6; P < .05). Last, platelet depletion (>90% reduction) did not significantly reduce stasis thrombus size in Tlr9-/- mice.These data suggest that the thrombogenic model affects Tlr9 thrombogenic mechanisms and that functional Tlr9 signaling in PMNs, but not in platelets or NETs, is an important mechanism in early stasis experimental venous thrombogenesis.

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Toll-like receptor 3 modulates the behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.

Publications

Toll-like receptor 3 modulates the behavioral effects of cocaine in mice.

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