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Transcriptomic Study Reveals Recovery of Impaired Astrocytes Contribute to Neuroprotective Effects of Danhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury.

ABSTRACT: Danhong Injection (DHI) is widely used in clinics for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, the mode of action of DHI for neuroprotection remains unclear. In the present study, we deemed to investigate the effects of DHI on a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) with an emphasis on its regulated gene profile obtained from microarray assays. Firstly, we showed that a 14-day DHI treatment effectively ameliorated severity of neurological deficits, reduced size of ischemic damage, improved status of oxidation stress, as well as systemic inflammation for IRI rats, along with which was a pronounced reduced cell infiltration in the area of periaqueductal gray matter. Secondly, bioinformatic analyses for the 429 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) regulated by DHI treatment pointed out ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and endocytosis as the top three biological processes, while Toll-like recptor 4 (TLR4) as the most relavant singaling molecule. Lastly, we provided evidences showing that DHI might directly protect primary astrocytes from oxygen and glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/Re) injury, the effects of which was associated with LAMC2 and ADRB3, two DEGs related to the top three biological processes according to transcriptomic analysis. In conlusion, we reported that DHI might work through maintaining the integrity for brain-blood barrier and to regulate TLR4-related signaling pathway to diminish the inflammation, therefore, effectively improved the outcomes of IRI. Our findings suggested that the attenuated astrocytic dysfunction could be a novel mechanism contributing to the neuroprotective effects of DHI against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage.

SUBMITTER: Qian J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5879446 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transcriptomic Study Reveals Recovery of Impaired Astrocytes Contribute to Neuroprotective Effects of Danhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury.

Qian Jing J Zhao Xiaoping X Wang Weiting W Zhang Shujing S Hong Zhuping Z Chen Xiaoling X Zhao Zhuanyou Z Hao Chunhua C Wang Chenchen C Lu Shihai S Zhao Buchang B Wang Yi Y

Frontiers in pharmacology 20180327

Danhong Injection (DHI) is widely used in clinics for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in China. However, the mode of action of DHI for neuroprotection remains unclear. In the present study, we deemed to investigate the effects of DHI on a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) with an emphasis on its regulated gene profile obtained from microarray assays. Firstly, we showed that a 14-day DHI treatment effectively ameliorated severity of neurological deficits ...[more]

PMID: 29632486

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Project description:Neuroinflammation is one of the major causes of damage of the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, which can result in long-term disability and neuronal death. Danhong injection (DHI), a traditional Chinese medicine injection, has been applied to the clinical treatment of cerebral stoke for many years. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of DHI on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats and explored its potential anti-neuroinflammatory properties. CIRI in adult male SD rats was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h and reperfusion for 24 h. Results showed that DHI (0.5, 1, and 2 ml/kg) dose-dependently improved the neurological deficits and alleviated cerebral infarct volume and histopathological damage of the cerebral cortex caused by CIRI. Moreover, DHI (0.5, 1, and 2 ml/kg) inhibited the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ischemic brains, downregulated TNF-α, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in serum, and reduced the neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase, MPO) in ischemic brains, in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining results also revealed that DHI dose-dependently diminished the protein expressions of ICAM-1 and COX-2, and suppressed the activation of microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba-1) and astrocyte (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP) in the cerebral cortex. Western blot analysis showed that DHI significantly downregulated the phosphorylation levels of the proteins in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinas (MAPK) signaling pathways in ischemic brains. These results indicate that DHI exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects against CIRI, which contribute to the amelioration of CNS damage.

Project description:Retinal ischemia plays a critical role in multiple vision-threatening diseases and leads to death of retinal neurons, particularly ganglion cells. Oxidative stress plays an important role in this ganglion cell loss. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is a major regulator of the antioxidant response, and its role in the retina is increasingly appreciated. We investigated the potential retinal neuroprotective function of Nrf2 after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. In an experimental model of retinal I/R, Nrf2 knockout mice exhibited much greater loss of neuronal cells in the ganglion cell layer than wild-type mice. Primary retinal ganglion cells isolated from Nrf2 knockout mice exhibited decreased cell viability compared to wild-type retinal ganglion cells, demonstrating the cell-intrinsic protective role of Nrf2. The retinal neuronal cell line 661W exhibited reduced cell viability following siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 under conditions of oxidative stress, and this was associated with exacerbation of increase in reactive oxygen species. The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Im (2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-imidazolide), a potent Nrf2 activator, inhibited reactive oxygen species increase in cultured 661W under oxidative stress conditions and increased neuronal cell survival after I/R injury in wild-type, but not Nrf2 knockout mice. Our findings indicate that Nrf2 exhibits a retinal neuroprotective function in I/R and suggest that pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 could be a therapeutic strategy. Oxidative stress is thought to be an important mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in ischemia-reperfusion injury. We found that the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a major regulator of oxidative stress, is an important endogenous neuroprotective molecule in retinal ganglion cells in ischemia-reperfusion, exerting a cell-autonomous protective effect. The triterpenoid 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-imidazolide (CDDO-Im) reduces neurodegeneration following ischemia-reperfusion in an Nrf2-dependent fashion. This suggests that Nrf2-activating drugs including triterpenoids could be a therapeutic strategy for retinal neuroprotection.

Project description:In myocardial ischemia, induction of autophagy via the AMP-induced protein kinase pathway is protective, whereas reperfusion stimulates autophagy with BECLIN-1 upregulation and is implicated in causing cell death. We examined flux through the macroautophagy pathway as a determinant of the discrepant outcomes in cardiomyocyte cell death in this setting.Reversible left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was performed in mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 to induce ischemia (120 minutes) or ischemia/reperfusion (30-90 minutes) with saline or chloroquine pretreatment (n=4 per group). Autophagosome clearance, assessed as the ratio of punctate light chain-3 abundance in saline to chloroquine-treated samples, was markedly impaired with ischemia/reperfusion compared with sham controls. Reoxygenation increased cell death in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes compared with hypoxia alone, markedly increased autophagosomes but not autolysosomes (assessed as punctate dual fluorescent mCherry-green fluorescent protein tandem-tagged light chain-3 expression), and impaired clearance of polyglutamine aggregates, indicating impaired autophagic flux. The resultant autophagosome accumulation was associated with increased reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeabilization, leading to cell death, which was attenuated by cyclosporine A pretreatment. Hypoxia-reoxygenation injury was accompanied by reactive oxygen species-mediated BECLIN-1 upregulation and a reduction in lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, a critical determinant of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Restoration of lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 levels synergizes with partial BECLIN-1 knockdown to restore autophagosome processing and to attenuate cell death after hypoxia-reoxygenation.Ischemia/reperfusion injury impairs autophagosome clearance mediated in part by reactive oxygen species-induced decline in lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 and upregulation of BECLIN-1, contributing to increased cardiomyocyte death.

Dataset Information

Transcriptomic Study Reveals Recovery of Impaired Astrocytes Contribute to Neuroprotective Effects of Danhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury.

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Transcriptomic Study Reveals Recovery of Impaired Astrocytes Contribute to Neuroprotective Effects of Danhong Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Injury.

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