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Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events.

ABSTRACT: The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and morphometric datasets derived from Sulawesi's three largest mammals: the babirusa, anoa and Sulawesi warty pig. Our results indicate that although these species most likely colonized the area that is now Sulawesi at different times (14 Ma to 2-3 Ma), they experienced an almost synchronous expansion from the central part of the island. Geological reconstructions indicate that this area was above sea level for most of the last 4 Myr, unlike most parts of the island. We conclude that emergence of land on Sulawesi (approx. 1-2 Myr) may have allowed species to expand synchronously. Altogether, our results indicate that the establishment of the highly endemic faunal assemblage on Sulawesi was driven by geological events over the last few million years.

SUBMITTER: Frantz LAF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5904307 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events.

Frantz Laurent A F LAF Rudzinski Anna A Nugraha Abang Mansyursyah Surya AMS Evin Allowen A Burton James J Hulme-Beaman Ardern A Linderholm Anna A Barnett Ross R Vega Rodrigo R Irving-Pease Evan K EK Haile James J Allen Richard R Leus Kristin K Shephard Jill J Hillyer Mia M Gillemot Sarah S van den Hurk Jeroen J Ogle Sharron S Atofanei Cristina C Thomas Mark G MG Johansson Friederike F Mustari Abdul Haris AH Williams John J Mohamad Kusdiantoro K Damayanti Chandramaya Siska CS Wiryadi Ita Djuwita ID Obbles Dagmar D Mona Stephano S Day Hally H Yasin Muhammad M Meker Stefan S McGuire Jimmy A JA Evans Ben J BJ von Rintelen Thomas T Ho Simon Y W SYW Searle Jeremy B JB Kitchener Andrew C AC Macdonald Alastair A AA Shaw Darren J DJ Hall Robert R Galbusera Peter P Larson Greger G

Proceedings. Biological sciences 20180401 1876

The high degree of endemism on Sulawesi has previously been suggested to have vicariant origins, dating back to 40 Ma. Recent studies, however, suggest that much of Sulawesi's fauna assembled over the last 15 Myr. Here, we test the hypothesis that more recent uplift of previously submerged portions of land on Sulawesi promoted diversification and that much of its faunal assemblage is much younger than the island itself. To do so, we combined palaeogeographical reconstructions with genetic and mo ...[more]

PMID: 29643207

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Project description:The extent to which a species responds to environmental changes is mediated not only by extrinsic processes such as time and space, but also by species-specific ecology. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplifted approximately 3000 m and experienced at least four major glaciations during the Pleistocene epoch in the Quaternary Period. Consequently, the area experienced concurrent changes in geomorphological structure and climate. Two species, the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii, chiru) and Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), both are endemic on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, where their habitats overlap, but have different migratory behaviors: the chiru is inclined to have female-biased dispersal with a breeding migration during the calving season; in contrast, Tibetan gazelles are year-round residents and never migrate distantly. By using coalescence methods we compared mitochondrial control region DNA sequences and variation at nine microsatellite loci in these two species. Coalescent simulations indicate that the chiru and Tibetan gazelle do not share concordant patterns in their genealogies. The non-migratory Tibetan gazelle, that is more vulnerable to the impact of drastic geographic changes such as the elevation of the plateau, glaciations and so on, appears to have a strong population genetic structure with complicated demographic history. Specifically, the Tibetan gazelle population appears to have experienced isolation and divergence with population fluctuations since the Middle Pleistocene (0.781 Ma). However, it showed continued decline since the Upper Pleistocene (0.126 Ma), which may be attributed to the irreversible impact of increased human activities on the plateau. In contrast, the migratory chiru appears to have simply experienced population expansion. With substantial gene flow among regional populations, this species shows no historical population isolation and divergence. Thus, this study adds to many empirical studies that show historical and contemporary extrinsic and intrinsic processes shape the recent evolutionary history and population genetic structure of species.

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Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events.

Publications

Synchronous diversification of Sulawesi's iconic artiodactyls driven by recent geological events.

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