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Microbiota-Derived Metabolic Factors Reduce Campylobacteriosis in Mice.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND & AIMS:Campylobacter jejuni, a prevalent foodborne bacterial pathogen, exploits the host innate response to induce colitis. Little is known about the roles of microbiota in C jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation. We investigated interactions between microbiota and intestinal cells during C jejuni infection of mice. METHODS:Germ-free C57BL/6 Il10-/- mice were colonized with conventional microbiota and infected with a single dose of C jejuni (109 colony-forming units/mouse) via gavage. Conventional microbiota were cultured under aerobic, microaerobic, or anaerobic conditions and orally transplanted into germ-free Il10-/- mice. Colon tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting. Fecal microbiota and bile acids were analyzed with 16S sequencing and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS:Introduction of conventional microbiota reduced C jejuni-induced colitis in previously germ-free Il10-/- mice, independent of fecal load of C jejuni, accompanied by reduced activation of mammalian target of rapamycin. Microbiota transplantation and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing experiments showed that Clostridium XI, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus were enriched in fecal samples from mice colonized with microbiota cultured in anaerobic conditions (which reduce colitis) compared with mice fed microbiota cultured under aerobic conditions (susceptible to colitis). Oral administration to mice of microbiota-derived secondary bile acid sodium deoxycholate, but not ursodeoxycholic acid or lithocholic acid, reduced C jejuni-induced colitis. Depletion of secondary bile acid-producing bacteria with antibiotics that kill anaerobic bacteria (clindamycin) promoted C jejuni-induced colitis in specific pathogen-free Il10-/- mice compared with the nonspecific antibiotic nalidixic acid; colitis induction by antibiotics was associated with reduced level of luminal deoxycholate. CONCLUSIONS:We identified a mechanism by which the microbiota controls susceptibility to C jejuni infection in mice, via bacteria-derived secondary bile acids.

SUBMITTER: Sun X

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5927838 | biostudies-literature | 2018 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:We performed a study to (i) investigate efficacy of an Escherichia coli/Salmonella spp./Listeria monocytogenes-targeting bacteriophage cocktail (tentatively named F.O.P.) to reduce a human pathogenic E. coli strain O157:H7 in experimentally infected mice, and (ii) determine how bacteriophages impact the normal gut microbiota when compared with antibiotic therapy. A total of 85 mice were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 strain Ec231 [nalidixic acid resistant (NalAcR)] via oral gavage, and were randomized into six groups separated into three categories: 1st category received PBS or No phage/No PBS (control), 2nd category received either F.O.P., F.O.P. at 1:10 dilution, or only the E. coli phage component of F.O.P. (EcoShield PXTM), and 3rd category received the antibiotic ampicillin. All therapies were administered twice daily for four consecutive days including before and after bacterial challenge; except ampicillin which was administered only before and after bacterial challenge on day 0. Fecal samples were collected at Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10. Samples were homogenized and plated on LB plates supplemented with NalAc to determine viable Ec231 counts. Body weights were measured at every fecal sample collection point. qPCR was performed using specific E. coli O157:H7 primers to quantify the number of E. coli O157:H7 genome copies. Microbiota community profiles were analyzed using Denature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA sequencing. F.O.P. significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli O157:H7 pathogen counts by 54%. Ampicillin therapy significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli O157:H7 pathogen counts by 79%. Greater initial weight-loss occurred in mice treated with ampicillin (-5.44%) compared to other treatment groups. No notable changes in the gut microbiota profiles were observed for control and F.O.P. groups. In contrast, the antibiotic group displayed noticeable distortion of the gut microbiota composition, only partially returning to normal by Day 10. In conclusion, we found that F.O.P. administration was effective in reducing viable E. coli O157:H7 in infected mice with a similar efficacy to ampicillin therapy. However, the F.O.P. bacteriophage preparation had less impact on the gut microbiota compared to ampicillin.

Project description:Little is known about the influence of gastric microbiota on host metabolism, even though the stomach plays an important role in the production of hormones involved in body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and Helicobacter pylori alter gut microbiota, but their impact on gastric microbiota in patients with obesity and the influence of these factors on the metabolic response to bariatric surgery is not fully understood. Forty-one subjects with morbid obesity who underwent sleeve gastrectomy were included in this study. The H. pylori group was established by the detection of H. pylori using a sequencing-based method (n = 16). Individuals in whom H. pylori was not detected were classified according to PPI treatment. Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained during surgery and were analyzed by a high-throughput-sequencing method. Patients were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. β-Diversity measures were able to cluster patients according to their gastric mucosa-associated microbiota composition. H. pylori and PPI treatment are presented as two important factors for gastric mucosa-associated microbiota. H. pylori reduced diversity, while PPIs altered β-diversity. Both factors induced changes in the gastric mucosa-associated microbiota composition and its predicted functions. PPI users showed lower percentages of change in the body mass index (BMI) in the short term after surgery, while the H. pylori group showed higher glucose levels and lower percentages of reduction in body weight/BMI 1 year after surgery. PPIs and H. pylori colonization could modify the gastric mucosa-associated microbiota, altering its diversity, composition, and predicted functionality. These factors may have a role in the metabolic evolution of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota has been shown to have an impact on host metabolism. In the stomach, factors like proton pump inhibitor treatment and Helicobacter pylori haven been suggested to alter gut microbiota; however, the influence of these factors on the metabolic response to bariatric surgery has not been fully studied. In this study, we highlight the impact of these factors on the gastric microbiota composition. Moreover, proton pump inhibitor treatment and the presence of Helicobacter pylori could have an influence on bariatric surgery outcomes, mainly on body weight loss and glucose homeostasis. Deciphering the relationship between gastric hormones and gastric microbiota and their contributions to bariatric surgery outcomes paves the way to develop gut manipulation strategies to improve the metabolic success of bariatric surgery.

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Microbiota-Derived Metabolic Factors Reduce Campylobacteriosis in Mice.

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