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Local structure of molten AuGa2 under pressure: Evidence for coordination change and planetary implications.

ABSTRACT: In situ x-ray diffraction measurements and inverse Monte Carlo simulations of pair distribution functions were used to characterize the local structure of molten AuGa2 up to 16?GPa and 940?K. Our results document systematic changes in liquid structure due to a combination of bond compression and coordination increase. Empirical potential structure refinement shows the first-neighbor coordination of Ga around Au and of Au around Ga to increase from about 8 to 10 and 4 to 5, respectively between 0 and 16?GPa, and the inferred changes in liquid structure can explain the observed melting-point depression of AuGa2 up to 5?GPa. As intermetallic AuGa2 is an analogue for metallic SiO2 at much higher pressures, our results imply that structural changes documented for non-metallic silicate melts below 100?GPa are followed by additional coordination changes in the metallic state at pressures in the 0.2-1 TPa range achieved inside large planets.

SUBMITTER: Kalkan B

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5931613 | biostudies-literature | 2018 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Local structure of molten AuGa<sub>2</sub> under pressure: Evidence for coordination change and planetary implications.

Kalkan Bora B Godwal Budhiram B Raju Selva Vennila SV Jeanloz Raymond R

Scientific reports 20180501 1

In situ x-ray diffraction measurements and inverse Monte Carlo simulations of pair distribution functions were used to characterize the local structure of molten AuGa<sub>2</sub> up to 16 GPa and 940 K. Our results document systematic changes in liquid structure due to a combination of bond compression and coordination increase. Empirical potential structure refinement shows the first-neighbor coordination of Ga around Au and of Au around Ga to increase from about 8 to 10 and 4 to 5, respectivel ...[more]

PMID: 29717192

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Project description:BackgroundMany physicians are experiencing increasing demands from both their patients and society. Evidence is scarce on the consequences of the pressure on physicians' decision making. We present a theoretical framework and predict that increasing pressure may make physicians disregard societal welfare when treating patients.SettingWe test our prediction on general practitioners' antibiotic-prescribing choices. Because prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics does not require microbiological testing, it can be performed more quickly than prescribing for narrow-spectrum antibiotics and is therefore often preferred by the patient. In contrast, from a societal perspective, inappropriate prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be minimized as it may contribute to antimicrobial resistance in the general population.MethodsWe combine longitudinal survey data and administrative data from 2010 to 2017 to create a balanced panel of up to 1072 English general practitioners (GPs). Using a series of linear models with GP fixed effects, we estimate the importance of different sources of pressure for GPs' prescribing.ResultsWe find that the percentage of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed increases by 6.4% as pressure increases on English GPs. The link between pressure and prescribing holds for different sources of pressure.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there may be societal costs of physicians working under pressure. Policy makers need to take these costs into account when evaluating existing policies as well as when introducing new policies affecting physicians' work pressure. An important avenue for further research is also to determine the underlying mechanisms related to the different sources of pressure.JEL-code: I11, J28, J45.HighlightsMany physicians are working under increasing pressure.We test the importance of pressure on physicians' prescribing of antibiotics.The prescribed rate of broad-spectrum antibiotics increases with pressure.Policy makers should be aware of the societal costs of pressured physicians.[Formula: see text].

Dataset Information

Local structure of molten AuGa2 under pressure: Evidence for coordination change and planetary implications.

Publications

Local structure of molten AuGa<sub>2</sub> under pressure: Evidence for coordination change and planetary implications.

Similar Datasets

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