Parenting style in childhood and mortality risk at older ages: a longitudinal cohort study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Demakakos P
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5951632 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:ObjectivesDespite the importance of childhood experiences for adult health and psychosocial factors for cancer development, parenting, a key childhood psychosocial exposure, has yet to be studied in relation to cancer risk at older ages. We examined whether childhood experiences of poor-quality parenting are associated with an increased risk of cancer at older ages.MethodsWe used a sample of 4471 community dwellers aged ≥ 55 years in 2007. Poor-quality parenting was defined as low levels of parental care and high levels of parental overprotection.ResultsOverall poorer experiences of parenting, decreasing parental care and increasing parental overprotection were associated with increased risk of incident all-site and skin cancer in men, but not in women. Increasing paternal overprotection was also associated with increased risk of incident colorectal cancer in men. Overall poorer experiences of parenting and increasing paternal overprotection were associated with increased risk of prevalent all-site and colorectal cancer in women. Adjustment for covariates explained a small part of these associations.ConclusionsOlder adults who reported childhood experiences of poorer quality parenting appear to have an increased risk of cancer. These findings improve our understanding of the role of psychosocial factors in cancer over the life course.
| S-EPMC6154018 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundDespite the importance of socioeconomic position for survival, total wealth, which is a measure of accumulation of assets over the life course, has been underinvestigated as a predictor of mortality. We investigated the association between total wealth and mortality at older ages.MethodsWe estimated Cox proportional hazards models using a sample of 10,305 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 50 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.Results2401 deaths were observed over a mean follow-up of 9.4 years. Among participants aged 50-64 years, the fully adjusted HRs for mortality were 1.21 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.59) and 1.77 (1.35 to 2.33) for those in the intermediate and lowest wealth tertiles, respectively, compared with those in the highest wealth tertile. The respective HRs were 2.54 (1.27 to 5.09) and 3.73 (1.86 to 7.45) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.36 (0.76 to 2.42) and 2.53 (1.45 to 4.41) for other non-cancer mortality. Wealth was not associated with cancer mortality in the fully adjusted model. Similar but less strong associations were observed among participants aged ≥ 65 years. The use of repeated measurements of wealth and covariates brought about only minor changes, except for the association between wealth and cardiovascular mortality, which became less strong in the younger participants. Wealth explained the associations between paternal occupation at age 14 years, education, occupational class, and income and mortality.ConclusionsThere are persisting wealth inequalities in mortality at older ages, which only partially are explained by established risk factors. Wealth appears to be more strongly associated with mortality than other socioeconomic position measures.
| S-EPMC4819652 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:The prospective associations between social isolation, loneliness, and health behaviors are uncertain, despite the potential importance of these relationships over time for outcomes including mortality. Purpose:To examine the associations between baseline social isolation, baseline loneliness, and engagement in health behaviors over 10 years among older adults. Methods:Data were from 3,392 men and women aged ≥52 years in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2004/2005 to 2014/2015. Modified Poisson regression was specified to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals for the associations between baseline social isolation, baseline loneliness, and consistent weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, consistent five daily fruit and vegetable servings, daily alcohol drinking at any time point, smoking at any time point, and a consistently overweight/obese body mass index over the follow-up (all yes vs. no). Models were population weighted and adjusted for sociodemographic factors, health indicators, and depressive symptoms, with mutual adjustment for social isolation and loneliness. Results:Socially isolated participants were less likely than non-isolated participants to consistently report weekly moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (RR = 0.86; 0.77-0.97) or five daily fruit and vegetable servings (RR = 0.81; 0.63-1.04). They were less likely to be consistently overweight or obese (RR = 0.86; 0.77-0.97) and more likely to smoke at any time point (RR = 1.46; 1.17-1.82). Loneliness was not associated with health behaviors or body mass index in adjusted models. Among smokers, loneliness was negatively associated with successful smoking cessation over the follow-up (RR = 0.31; 0.11-0.90). Conclusions:Social isolation was associated with a range of health-related behaviors, and loneliness was associated with smoking cessation over a 10 year follow-up in older English adults.
| S-EPMC6377432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cardiovascular health in midlife is an established risk factor for cognitive function later in life. Knowing mechanisms of this association may allow preventative steps to be taken to preserve brain health and cognitive performance in older age. In this study, we investigated the association of the Framingham stroke-risk score, a validated multifactorial predictor of 10-year risk of stroke, with brain measures and cognitive performance in stroke-free individuals. We used a large (N?=?800) longitudinal cohort of community-dwelling adults of the Whitehall II imaging sub-study with no obvious structural brain abnormalities, who had Framingham stroke risk measured five times between 1991 and 2013 and MRI measures of structural integrity, and cognitive function performed between 2012 and 2016 [baseline mean age 47.9 (5.2) years, range 39.7-62.7?years; MRI mean age 69.81 (5.2) years, range 60.3-84.6?years; 80.6% men]. Unadjusted linear associations were assessed between the Framingham stroke-risk score in each wave and voxelwise grey matter density, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity at follow-up. These analyses were repeated including socio-demographic confounders as well as stroke risk in previous waves to examine the effect of residual risk acquired between waves. Finally, we used structural equation modelling to assess whether stroke risk negatively affects cognitive performance via specific brain measures. Higher unadjusted stroke risk measured at each of the five waves over 20?years prior to the MRI scan was associated with lower voxelwise grey and white matter measures. After adjusting for socio-demographic variables, higher stroke risk from 1991 to 2009 was associated with lower grey matter volume in the medial temporal lobe. Higher stroke risk from 1997 to 2013 was associated with lower fractional anisotropy along the corpus callosum. In addition, higher stroke risk from 2012 to 2013, sequentially adjusted for risk measured in 1991-94, 1997-98 and 2002-04 (i.e. 'residual risks' acquired from the time of these examinations onwards), was associated with widespread lower fractional anisotropy, and lower grey matter volume in sub-neocortical structures. Structural equation modelling suggested that such reductions in brain integrity were associated with cognitive impairment. These findings highlight the importance of considering cerebrovascular health in midlife as important for brain integrity and cognitive function later in life (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03335696).
| S-EPMC7491431 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLiving alone has been associated with increased mortality risk, but it is unclear whether this is a result of a selection effect or the impact of stressful life changes such as widowhood or divorce leading to changes in living arrangements. We therefore examined the association between living alone, transitions in living arrangements and all-cause mortality.MethodWe analysed data from 4,888 individuals who participated in both wave 2 (2004-2005) and wave 4 (2008-2009) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Transitions in living arrangements over this period were identified. Mortality status was ascertained from linked national mortality registers. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine the association between living alone and mortality over an average 8.5 year follow-up period.ResultsAn association was found between living alone at wave 4 and mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 1.20, 95% CI 1.04-1.38) in a model adjusted for multiple factors including socioeconomic status, physical health, health behaviours and loneliness. We also found that participants who moved to living alone after divorce or bereavement had a higher risk of mortality compared with those who lived with others at both time points (HR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.79), while those who moved to living alone for other reasons did not show an increased mortality risk.ConclusionsThe relationship between living alone and mortality is complicated by the reasons underlying not living with others. A greater understanding of these dynamics will help to identify the individuals who are at particular health risk because of their living arrangements.
| S-EPMC8675439 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMore optimal parenting has been linked with lower rates of bullying. However, it is not clear whether parenting can alter the trajectories of bullying among children diagnosed with ADHD or ODD as well as those who are not so diagnosed. This study examined whether parenting at age 4-5 years was associated with changes in bullying over the next 4 years among children with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) relative to children without these disorders.MethodChildren from the New York metropolitan area (n = 162) were prospectively studied over six annual assessment points between preschool and 9 years of age. Parenting was assessed by laboratory observations of the parent and child; teachers rated child bullying, and parents reported on children's diagnostic status (Neither ADHD nor ODD, ADHD but not ODD, both ADHD and ODD).ResultsChildren with comorbid ADHD and ODD were more likely to bully than the other two groups. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed a fall in bullying over five years. Diagnostic status was significantly associated with initial levels of bullying. Irrespective of diagnostic group, children receiving more parent support for child autonomy at age 4 to 5 years showed a significantly greater decline in bullying than those provided with little support for autonomy. There was no longitudinal link between parent negative affect, emotionally supportive parenting and quality of parent-child interactions with bullying.ConclusionsGreater parent support for child autonomy at age 4-5 years is related to reduced bullying. Interventions that encourage parent support for child autonomy at the time of entry into school may reduce bullying during early school years.
| S-EPMC4670820 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Peripheral blood samples were obtained at baseline and at follow-up visit from 20 participants in the Health, Aging and Body Composition prospective cohort study. Genome-wide CpG methylation was assayed using the Illumina Infinium Human MethylationEPIC (HM850K) microarray. We explored longitudinal changes in CpG methylation from blood leukocytes, and likelihood of a future cancer diagnosis.
2019-05-07 | GSE130748 | GEO
Project description:Previous studies examined midlife risk factors separately for old-age impaired physical and cognitive functioning. We determined the overlap of risk factors for both domains of functioning within the same setting.Biological and behavioral risk factors at age 50 years and cognitive and physical functioning were assessed 18 (SD = 5) years later in the Whitehall II study (N = 6,316). Impaired physical functioning was defined as ?1 limitation on the activities of daily living scale. Impaired cognitive functioning was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination score <27. Two statistical analyses were employed: minimally adjusted analysis (for age, sex, and ethnicity) and mutually adjusted analysis (including all risk factors). Missing data on risk factors were imputed.After confounder adjustment, impaired physical and cognitive functioning at older ages were predicted by hypertension (odds ratios [ORs] 1.80 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-2.33 and 1.57 95% CI 1.07-2.31, respectively), poor lung function (1.51 95% CI 1.28-1.78 and 1.31 95% CI 1.08-1.59), and physical inactivity, marginally in the case of cognitive function (1.50 95% CI 1.19-1.90 and 1.27 95% CI 0.99-1.62) at age 50 years. Impaired physical functioning but not cognitive functioning was additionally predicted by depression and higher body mass index (1.72 95% CI 1.46-2.03 and 1.29 95% CI 1.16-1.44, respectively).Several midlife risk factors are associated with impaired physical and cognitive functioning in old age, supporting a unified prevention policy. Analysis of 12 risk factors at age 50 suggests that strategies targeting physical inactivity, hypertension, and poor lung function will reduce impairments in both cognitive and physical functioning in old age.
| S-EPMC5233910 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Relative deprivation of income is hypothesised to generate frustration and stress through upward social comparison with one's peers. If psychosocial stress is the mechanism, relative deprivation should be more strongly associated with specific health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease (compared with other health outcomes, eg, non-tobacco-related cancer).We evaluated the association between relative income deprivation and mortality by leading causes, using a cohort of 21?031 community-dwelling adults aged 65?years or older. A baseline mail-in survey was conducted in 2003. Information on cause-specific mortality was obtained from death certificates. Our relative deprivation measure was the Yitzhaki Index, derived from the aggregate income shortfall for each person, relative to individuals with higher incomes in that person's reference group. Reference groups were defined according to gender, age group and same municipality of residence.We identified 1682 deaths during the 4.5?years of follow-up. A Cox regression demonstrated that, after controlling for demographic, health and socioeconomic factors including income, the HR for death from cardiovascular diseases per SD increase in relative deprivation was 1.50 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.08) in men, whereas HRs for mortality by cancer and other diseases were close to the null value. Additional adjustment for depressive symptoms and health behaviours (eg, smoking and preventive care utilisation) attenuated the excess risks for mortality from cardiovascular disease by 9%. Relative deprivation was not associated with mortality for women.The results partially support our hypothesised mechanism: relative deprivation increases health risks via psychosocial stress among men.
| S-EPMC4483791 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background This study explored the association between childhood bradycardia and later-life cardiac phenotype using longitudinal data from the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) birth cohort. Methods and Results Resting heart rate was recorded at 6 and 7 years of age to provide the bradycardia exposure defined as a childhood resting heart rate <75 bpm. Three outcomes were studied: (1) echocardiographic data at 60 to 64 years of age, consisting of ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index, myocardial contraction fraction index, and E/e'; (2) electrocardiographic evidence of atrioventricular or ventricular conduction defects by 60 to 64 years of age; and (3) all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Generalized linear models or Cox regression models were used, and adjustment was made for relevant demographic and health-related covariates, and for multiple testing. Mixed generalized linear models and fractional polynomials were used as sensitivity analyses. One in 3 older adults with atrioventricular conduction defects had been bradycardic in childhood, with defects being serious (Mobitz type II second-degree atrioventricular block or higher) in 12%. In fully adjusted models, childhood bradycardia was associated with 2.91 higher odds of atrioventricular conduction defects (95% CI, 1.59-5.31; P=0.0005). Associations persisted in random coefficients mixed generalized linear models (odds ratio, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.01-4.31). Fractional polynomials confirmed a linear association between the log odds of atrioventricular conduction defects at 60 to 64 years of age and resting heart rate at 7 years of age. There was no association between bradycardia in childhood and mortality outcomes or with echocardiographic parameters and ventricular conduction defects in older age. Conclusions Longitudinal birth cohort data indicate that childhood bradycardia trebles the odds of having atrioventricular conduction defects in older age, 88% of which are benign. In addition, it does not influence mortality or heart size and function. Future research should concentrate on identifying children at risk.
| S-EPMC8649134 | biostudies-literature