Dataset Information

Ginsenoside Rg3 Mitigates Atherosclerosis Progression in Diabetic apoE-/- Mice by Skewing Macrophages to the M2 Phenotype.

ABSTRACT: Atherosclerosis (AS) in diabetic patients is often associated with low stability, which might be largely attributed to unfavorable macrophage polarization and increased inflammatory response induced by hyperglycaemia. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the main active principles of Panax Ginseng, which has been reported to be a natural ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR?), a key nuclear transcriptional factor involved in inflammation and macrophage differentiation. However, it remains unclear if Rg3 could exert protective effects on plaque stability in diabetes. In this study, we investigated the role of ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 in macrophage polarization and AS plaque stability using advanced glycation end products-treated macrophages and diabetic AS mice models. In vitro, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) treatment promoted the expression of proinflammatory molecules and M1 surface markers, whereas 20(S)-Rg3 could reverse the M1 polarization to the M2 phenotype. In vivo, the administration of 20(S)-Rg3 promoted AS lesion stability and reduced the plaque burden, accompanied by increased M2 macrophages and reduced M1 macrophages. In addition, PPAR? antagonist GW9662 co-administration mostly blocked these effects, suggesting the important role of PPAR? pathways in mediating 20(S)-Rg3 effects in macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis progression. Together, these results demonstrated an immunomodulatory role of ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 in promoting macrophages to a profile of the M2 type through PPAR?-dependent mechanisms, and indicated a potential role of 20(S)-Rg3 in the prevention and treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis.

SUBMITTER: Guo M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5954105 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Ginsenoside Rg3 Mitigates Atherosclerosis Progression in Diabetic apoE-/- Mice by Skewing Macrophages to the M2 Phenotype.

Guo Mengqi M Xiao Jie J Sheng Xi X Zhang Xinyu X Tie Yuanyuan Y Wang Lei L Zhao Lang L Ji Xiaoping X

Frontiers in pharmacology 20180509

Atherosclerosis (AS) in diabetic patients is often associated with low stability, which might be largely attributed to unfavorable macrophage polarization and increased inflammatory response induced by hyperglycaemia. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the main active principles of Panax Ginseng, which has been reported to be a natural ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), a key nuclear transcriptional factor involved in inflammation and macrophage differentiation. However, ...[more]

PMID: 29867472

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Project description:Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a common diabetes-related complication, is the leading cause of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end‑stage renal disease. Despite the rapid development in the treatment of DN, currently available therapies used in early DN cannot prevent progressive CKD. The exact pathogenic mechanisms and the molecular events underlying DN development remain unclear. Ginsenoside Rg3 is a herbal medicine with numerous pharmacological effects. To gain a greater understanding of the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway underlying the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 in DN therapy, an RNA sequencing approach was performed to screen differential gene expression in a rat model of DN treated with ginsenoside Rg3. A combined bioinformatics analysis was then conducted to obtain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease development, in order to identify potential novel targets for the treatment of DN. Six Sprague‑Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Normal control group, DN group and ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment group, with two rats in each group. RNA sequencing was adopted for transcriptome profiling of cells from the renal cortex of DN rat model. Differentially expressed genes were screened out. Cluster analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. In total, 78 differentially expressed genes in the DN control group were identified when compared with the normal control group, of which 52 genes were upregulated and 26 genes were downregulated. Differential expression of 43 genes was observed in the ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment group when compared with the DN control group, consisting of 10 upregulated genes and 33 downregulated genes. Notably, 21 that were downregulated in the DN control group compared with the control were then shown to be upregulated in the ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment group compared with the DN control group. In addition, 7 upregulated genes in the DN control group compared with the control were then shown to be downregulated in the ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment group compared with the DN control group. Cluster analysis based on differentially expressed genes indicated that the transcriptomes are quite different among the samples. Distinct GO terms associated with these groups of genes were shown to be enriched. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were predominantly involved in the fatty acid metabolism pathway and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this study was the first to present whole genome expression profiling in DN with ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment by RNA‑Seq. A set of differentially expressed genes and pathways were identified. These data provided an insight into understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of ginsenoside‑Rg3 treatment of DN.

Dataset Information

Ginsenoside Rg3 Mitigates Atherosclerosis Progression in Diabetic apoE-/- Mice by Skewing Macrophages to the M2 Phenotype.

Publications

Ginsenoside Rg3 Mitigates Atherosclerosis Progression in Diabetic apoE-/- Mice by Skewing Macrophages to the M2 Phenotype.

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