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Fluorogenic Ag⁺ -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

ABSTRACT: Silver staining, which exploits the special bioaffinity and the chromogenic reduction of silver ions, is an indispensable visualization method in biology. It is a most popular method for in-gel protein detection. However, it is limited by run-to-run variability, background staining, inability for protein quantification, and limited compatibility with mass spectroscopic (MS) analysis; limitations that are largely attributed to the tricky chromogenic visualization. Herein, we reported a novel water-soluble fluorogenic Ag⁺ probe, the sensing mechanism of which is based on an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process driven by tetrazolate-Ag⁺ interactions. The fluorogenic sensing can substitute the chromogenic reaction, leading to a new fluorescence silver staining method. This new staining method offers sensitive detection of total proteins in polyacrylamide gels with a broad linear dynamic range and robust operations that rival the silver nitrate stain and the best fluorescent stains.

SUBMITTER: Xie S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5969303 | biostudies-literature | 2018 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Fluorogenic Ag<sup>+</sup> -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

Xie Sheng S Wong Alex Y H AYH Kwok Ryan T K RTK Li Ying Y Su Huifang H Lam Jacky W Y JWY Chen Sijie S Tang Ben Zhong BZ

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 20180414 20

Silver staining, which exploits the special bioaffinity and the chromogenic reduction of silver ions, is an indispensable visualization method in biology. It is a most popular method for in-gel protein detection. However, it is limited by run-to-run variability, background staining, inability for protein quantification, and limited compatibility with mass spectroscopic (MS) analysis; limitations that are largely attributed to the tricky chromogenic visualization. Herein, we reported a novel wate ...[more]

PMID: 29575702

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Project description:BackgroundIn developing countries, death due to diseases caused by fecal-oral ingestion can be avoided by taking action on drinking water issues. Adequate access to water treatment systems to reduce infections is a critical cause. Silver has been used as an antibacterial product, including biomedical applications. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of the chemical speciation of silver from silver-modified zeolite-rich tuffs on the mortality of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus faecalis (S. faecalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) suspended in aqueous solution was investigated for disinfection purposes.MethodsThe following aspects were considered to develop the investigation: a) the technique to prepare the modified zeolitic materials, either with ionic silver or silver nanoparticles, which were obtained in two ways: one, with grapefruit extract and the second, by using non-thermal plasma generated in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor of parallel plates; b) the response of the prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryote (yeast) microorganisms to disinfectant agents in batch systems; c) the disinfection processes as a function of time to obtain kinetics parameters; and d) the kinetics of the silver release from the silver-modified zeolite-rich tuffs, considering the models of Higuchi and Korsmeyer. The zeolitic materials were characterized by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).ResultsThe non-thermal plasma reduced ionic silver is more efficient at generating silver compounds with several oxidation states, which are essential during the microbial inhibition process. For the bacterial (E. coli and S. faecalis), the materials with nanoparticles were efficient to inactivate them. However, the yeast (C. albicans) reaches the total inactivation when the zeolitic material contains ionic silver in the crystalline network.ConclusionThe E. coli, S. faecalis and C. albicans survival behavior suspended in aqueous solutions after contact with Ag-modified natural zeolites depends on the chemical speciation of the silver present in these materials, Ag+1 in the case of OAgiZ or nanoparticles of Ago promoted by the grapefruit extract (OAgnpTZ), as well as by non-thermal plasma generated in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor of parallel plates (OAgnpPZ). In general, the concentration of silver in the aqueous solution after the disinfection process cannot exceed the recommended levels established for international organizations. The OAgnpPZ is a potential microbicide agent against E. coli and C. albicans, and the OAgn pTZ for F. faecalis.Graphical abstractARTWORK.

Project description:Purpose:The biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are heavily investigated due to their cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties. However, the scientific literature is lacking in data on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, especially regarding its impact on biological activity. Therefore, to assess the potential of AgNPs in therapeutic applications, two different AgNP samples were compared under biorelevant conditions. Methods:Citrate-capped nanosilver was produced by classical chemical reduction and stabilization with sodium citrate (AgNP@C), while green tea extract was used to produce silver nanoparticles in a green synthesis approach (AgNP@GTs). Particle size, morphology, and crystallinity were characterized using transmission electron microscopy. To observe the effects of the most important biorelevant conditions on AgNP colloidal stability, aggregation grade measurements were carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scatterig, while MTT assay and a microdilution method were performed to evaluate the effects of aggregation on cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity in a time-dependent manner. Results:The aggregation behavior of AgNPs is mostly affected by pH and electrolyte concentration, while the presence of biomolecules can improve particle stability due to the biomolecular corona effect. We demonstrated that high aggregation grade in both AgNP samples attenuated their toxic effect toward living cells. However, AgNP@GT proved less prone to aggregation thus retained a degree of its toxicity. Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first systematic examination regarding AgNP aggregation behavior with simultaneous measurements of its effect on biological activity. We showed that nanoparticle behavior in complex systems can be estimated by simple compounds like sodium chloride and glutamine. Electrostatic stabilization might not be suitable for biomedical AgNP applications, while green synthesis approaches could offer new frontiers to preserve nanoparticle toxicity by enhancing colloidal stability. The importance of properly selected synthesis methods must be emphasized as they profoundly influence colloidal stability, and therefore biological activity.

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Fluorogenic Ag⁺ -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

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Fluorogenic Ag<sup>+</sup> -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

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Fluorogenic Ag+ -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

Publications

Fluorogenic Ag<sup>+</sup> -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

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Fluorogenic Ag⁺ -Tetrazolate Aggregation Enables Efficient Fluorescent Biological Silver Staining.