Nutrition disparities and the global burden of malnutrition.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Perez-Escamilla R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5996967 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundLow- to middle-income countries (LMICs) are believed to be characterized by the coexistence of underweight and overweight. It has also been posited that such coexistence is appearing among the low socioeconomic status (SES) groups.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative samples of 451,321 women aged 20-49 years drawn from 57 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1994 and 2008. Body Mass Index (BMI in kg/m²), was used to define underweight and overweight following conventional cut-points. Covariates included age, household wealth, education, and residence. We estimated multinomial multilevel models to assess the extent to which underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m²) and overweight (BM I≥ 25.0 kg/m²) correlate at the country-level, and at the neighborhood-level within each country.ResultsIn age-adjusted models, there was a strong negative correlation between likelihood of being underweight and overweight at country- (r = -0.79, p<0.001), and at the neighborhood-level within countries (r = -0.51, P<0.001). Negative correlations ranging from -0.11 to -0.90 were observed in 46 of the 57 countries at the neighborhood-level and 29/57 were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Similar negative correlations were observed in analyses restricted to low SES groups. Finally, the negative correlations across countries, and within-countries, appeared to be stable over time in a sub-set of 36 countries.ConclusionThe explicitly negative correlations between prevalence of underweight and overweight at the country-level and at neighborhood-level suggest that the hypothesized coexistence of underweight and overweight has not yet occurred in a substantial manner in a majority of LMICs.
| S-EPMC3182195 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The double burden of malnutrition (DBM), defined as the simultaneous manifestation of both undernutrition and overweight and obesity, affects most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This Series paper describes the dynamics of the DBM in LMICs and how it differs by socioeconomic level. This Series paper shows that the DBM has increased in the poorest LMICs, mainly due to overweight and obesity increases. Indonesia is the largest country with a severe DBM, but many other Asian and sub-Saharan African countries also face this problem. We also discuss that overweight increases are mainly due to very rapid changes in the food system, particularly the availability of cheap ultra-processed food and beverages in LMICs, and major reductions in physical activity at work, transportation, home, and even leisure due to introductions of activity-saving technologies. Understanding that the lowest income LMICs face severe levels of the DBM and that the major direct cause is rapid increases in overweight allows identifying selected crucial drivers and possible options for addressing the DBM at all levels.
| S-EPMC7179702 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: Although reasonable to assume, it is not yet clear whether malnourished countries are at higher risk for severe or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aims to identify the countries where prevalent malnutrition may be a driving factor for fatal disease after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, country-level burden of malnutrition was quantified using four indicators: death rates for child growth failure (underweight, stunting, and/or wasting) and years lived with disability (YLD) attributed to iron and vitamin A deficiencies and high body mass index (BMI). Global mortality descriptors of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic were extracted from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and case fatality ratios (CFRs) were calculated introducing a lag time of 10 weeks after the first death of a confirmed case. Bivariate analyses for 172 countries were carried out for malnutrition indicators and fatal COVID-19. Correlations between burden indicators were characterized by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) and visually by scatterplots. Restricted cubic splines and underlying negative binomial regressions adjusted for countries' age-structure, prevalent chronic comorbidities related to COVID-19, population density, and income group were used to explore non-linear relationships. Results: Stratified by the World Bank income group, a moderate positive association between YLD rates for iron deficiency and CFRs for COVID-19 was observed for low-income countries (ρ = 0.60, p = 0.027), whereas no clear indications for the association with child growth failure, vitamin A deficiency, or high BMI were found (ρ < 0.30). Countries ranking high on at least three malnutrition indicators and presenting also an elevated CFR for COVID-19 are sub-Saharan African countries, namely, Angola, Burkina Faso, Chad, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Sudan, and Tanzania, as well as Yemen and Guyana. Conclusions: Population-level malnutrition appears to be related to increased rates of fatal COVID-19 in areas with an elevated burden of undernutrition, such as countries in the Sahel strip. COVID-19 response plans in malnourished countries, vulnerable to fatal COVID-19, should incorporate food security, nutrition, and social protection as a priority component in order to reduce COVID-19 fatality.
| S-EPMC7858665 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundStatistical data on the prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of protein-energy malnutrition are valuable for health resource planning and policy-making. We aimed to estimate protein-energy malnutrition burdens worldwide according to gender, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI) between 1990 and 2019.MethodsDetailed data on protein-energy malnutrition from 1990 to 2019 was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. The global prevalence, deaths, and DALYs attributable to protein-energy malnutrition and the corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) were analyzed.ResultsIn 2019, the global prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition increased to 14,767,275 cases. The age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) showed an increasing trend between 1990 and 2019, while the age-standardized deaths rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALYs rate presented a significantly decreasing trend in the same period. Meanwhile, there was a clearly ASPR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALYs rate downtrend of the prediction curve when the SDI went up.ConclusionsPEM still has a relatively serious disease burden in the world, especially in children and the elderly. At the same time, this phenomenon will be more obvious due to the aging of the world's population. Effective prevention measures should be strengthened to continuously improve public health conditions.
| S-EPMC9268010 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tackling childhood malnutrition is a global health priority. A key indicator is the estimated prevalence of malnutrition, measured by nutrition surveys. Most aspects of survey design are standardised, but data 'cleaning criteria' are not. These aim to exclude extreme values which may represent measurement or data-entry errors. The effect of different cleaning criteria on malnutrition prevalence estimates was unknown. We applied five commonly used data cleaning criteria (WHO 2006; EPI-Info; WHO 1995 fixed; WHO 1995 flexible; SMART) to 21 national Demographic and Health Survey datasets. These included a total of 163,228 children, aged 6-59 months. We focused on wasting (low weight-for-height), a key indicator for treatment programmes. Choice of cleaning criteria had a marked effect: SMART were least inclusive, resulting in the lowest reported malnutrition prevalence, while WHO 2006 were most inclusive, resulting in the highest. Across the 21 countries, the proportion of records excluded was 3 to 5 times greater when using SMART compared to WHO 2006 criteria, resulting in differences in the estimated prevalence of total wasting of between 0.5 and 3.8%, and differences in severe wasting of 0.4-3.9%. The magnitude of difference was associated with the standard deviation of the survey sample, a statistic that can reflect both population heterogeneity and data quality. Using these results to estimate case-loads for treatment programmes resulted in large differences for all countries. Wasting prevalence and caseload estimations are strongly influenced by choice of cleaning criterion. Because key policy and programming decisions depend on these statistics, variations in analytical practice could lead to inconsistent and potentially inappropriate implementation of malnutrition treatment programmes. We therefore call for mandatory reporting of cleaning criteria use so that results can be compared and interpreted appropriately. International consensus is urgently needed regarding choice of criteria to improve the comparability of nutrition survey data.
| S-EPMC4034601 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundVitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition are prevalent malnutrition issues that disproportionately affect low-income countries and pose significant risks to the health and development of children and adolescents. This study offers a detailed examination of these deficiencies' prevalence trends and gender and regional variations using Global Burden of Disease Study data from 1990 to 2019. It also assesses the specific impact on various age groups, providing essential insights for targeted health interventions and policy-making.MethodsData spanning from 1990 to 2019 on Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition were extracted from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (ASR) were computed by gender, region, and etiology, utilizing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to assess temporal trends.ResultsIn 2019, Central Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency, particularly among males, and iodine deficiency peaked in the same region for both genders. South Asia had the highest incidence of protein-energy malnutrition for both genders. Regions with a low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) showed lower ASR for these deficiencies. Notably, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Maldives recorded the highest ASR for vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition, respectively. The declining ASR trend for vitamin A deficiency, especially among males, suggests effective interventions. East Asia saw a significant increase in iodine deficiency ASR from 1990 to 2019, particularly among women, requiring targeted interventions. The rising ASR of protein-energy malnutrition in several regions, especially among men, raises concerns. Vitamin A deficiency primarily affected children and adolescents, iodine deficiency predominantly impacted adolescents and young adults, and protein-energy malnutrition was chiefly observed among children under 5 years old. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored interventions considering age-specific nutritional needs and challenges.
| S-EPMC11300326 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionMalnutrition among adolescents is a persistent problem with a profound impact on different dimensions of health. The objective of this analysis is to assess the burden of malnutrition (Stunting, Thinness, Overweight, and Obesity) and their associated socio-demographic factors among Indian adolescents (10-19 years) from the Comprehensive National Nutritional Survey (CNNS 2016-18) data.MethodsWe used Individual-level data of 35,831 adolescents from the CNNS conducted in 2016-18 for this analysis. CNNS collected data on the nutritional status of adolescents along with socio-demographic variables from all states of India. Burden of stunting (Height for age Z score, HAZ < -2 SD), thinness (BMI for age Z score, BAZ < -2 SD), overweight (BAZ > 1 SD) and obesity (BAZ > 2 SD) were estimated for the entire country and individual states. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the socio-demographic factors associated with stunting, thinness, and overweight.ResultsCNNS collected data from 35,831 adolescents, of which 31,941 with BAZ scores, and 32,045 with HAZ scores were included in the final analysis. The burden of stunting and thinness among Indian adolescents was 27.4% (95% CI 26.4, 28.4%) and 24.4% (23.5, 25.4%), respectively. The burden of overweight and obesity was 4.8% (4.5, 5.1%) and 1.1% (0.9, 1.3%), respectively. Adolescents in the age group of 15-19 years (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11, 1.36) compared to 10-14 years, females (AOR 1.20; 1.08, 1.33) compared to males, were at increased odds of getting stunted. Adolescents from lowest wealth index families (AOR 1.66; 1.33, 2.07) were at increased odds of thinness compared to peers of higher wealth index families. Adolescents of 10-14 years (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06, 1.49) compared to 15-19 years, urban residents (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.19, 1.71) compared to rural residents, were at increased odds of overweight.ConclusionIndian adolescents face the double burden of malnutrition that is undernutrition (stunting and thinness) alongside overnutrition (overweight and obesity) that are linked with socio-demographic factors. The National Nutritional Programs (POSHAN Abhiyan) should prioritize high-risk groups specifically older age group (15-19 years), females, and low wealth Index quintile families identified in this analysis.
| S-EPMC9240318 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Few studies have focused on quantifying the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) phenomenon in China. We aimed to clarify the prevalence of DBM among Chinese adults as well as to examine whether usual daily dietary micronutrient status varies by body mass index (BMI) categories. In this study, a sample of 6602 adults aged 18-59 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was analyzed. Information was obtained on dietary intake and anthropometric measurements. Dietary intakes of 11 micronutrients were estimated based on the data collected by three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Dietary micronutrient deficiency was defined according to the cutoff of the Chinese estimated average requirement (EARs). 44% of Chinese adults faced the problem of DBM, of which nearly 40% experienced overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiency simultaneously. Comparable percentages (>50%) of Chinese adults had dietary intake less than the Chinese EARs for key micronutrients including retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, selenium, zinc, and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. More than 80% participants had at least two selected vitamin or mineral deficiencies in all BMI categories. These findings indicate that Chinese adults have a high DBM and micronutrient inadequacies prevail among and within gender and all BMI categories. All body weight groups need advice on the changing needs for dietary variety to ensure optimal health.
| S-EPMC7551383 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionChild malnutrition is the main contributor to the disease burden in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends of child malnutrition and maternal anemia in Ethiopia at the national and regional state levels between 1990 and 2019.MethodsWe used all accessible data sources and analyzed prevalence, death, and years of life lost (YLL) due to child malnutrition and maternal anemia across nine regions and two chartered cities in Ethiopia, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The burden and trends of child and maternal malnutrition and anemia at the national level, across the regions, and in cities were assessed. Point estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) are presented.FindingsOf the 190,173 total under-5 deaths in Ethiopia in 2019, 108,864 (95% UI: 83,544-141,718; 57·2%, 51·3-62·7) were attributed to malnutrition. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 37·0%, 27·0%, and 7·0%, respectively, in 2019. The YLL rate attributable to child malnutrition declined from 251,964 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 218,720-287,559) in 1990 to 57,615 (95% UI: 44,190-75,015) in 2019. The YLL rate of wasting, stunting, and underweight in Ethiopia was 18,566 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 12,950-26,123), 3,290 (95% UI: 1,443-5,856), and 5,240 (95% UI: 3,608-7,312) in 2019, respectively. Gambella showed the highest YLL rate reduction among regions, with a 98·2% change for stunting, 95·9% for wasting, and 97·9% for underweight between 1990 and 2019. The prevalence of anemia among under-5 children in Ethiopia was 62·0% (95% UI: 59·1%-65·1%) in 2019. Somali has the highest child anemia prevalence, 84·4% (95% UI: 79·8%-88·8%), compared to others in 2019. The prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Ethiopia was 20·4% (95% UI: 19·0%-21·8%) in 2019.InterpretationThe prevalence of child malnutrition and maternal anemia in Ethiopia remains high compared to national, WHO, and UNICEF 2030 targets in all indicators of child malnutrition and anemia despite several interventions in the last three decades. The YLL rate due to child malnutrition was high, with regional variations. In conjunction with other sectors, especially agriculture, the National Nutrition Program and other nutrition initiatives must make greater efforts with short-term and long-term interventions to improve access and better nutrition.
| S-EPMC11251601 | biostudies-literature