Short-Term Changes in the Prevalence of Probable Dementia: An Analysis of the 2011-2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study.
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SUBMITTER: Freedman VA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6018980 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:In recent years, self-reported cigarette smoking has declined among youth and adults, while electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased. However, sales trends for these products are less certain. This study assessed national and state patterns of U.S. cigarette and e-cigarette unit sales.Trends in cigarette and e-cigarette unit sales were analyzed using retail scanner data from September 25, 2011 through January 9, 2016 for: (1) convenience stores; and (2) all other outlets combined, including supermarkets, mass merchandisers, drug, dollar, and club stores, and military commissaries (online, tobacco-only, and "vape" shops were not available). Data by store type were available for the total contiguous U.S. and 29 states; combined data were available for the remaining states, except Alaska, Hawaii, and DC.During 2011-2015, cigarette sales exhibited a small, significant decrease; however, positive year-over-year growth occurred in convenience stores throughout most of 2015. E-cigarette unit sales significantly increased during 2011-2015, but year-over-year growth slowed and was occasionally negative. Cigarette unit sales exceeded e-cigarettes by 64:1 during the last 4-week period. During 2014-2015, cigarette sales increases occurred in 15 of 48 assessed states; e-cigarette sales increased in 18 states.Despite overall declines during 2011-2015, cigarette sales in 2015 grew for the first time in a decade. E-cigarette sales growth was positive, but slowed over the study period in assessed stores. Cigarette sales continued to exceed e-cigarette sales, reinforcing the importance of efforts to reduce the appeal and accessibility of cigarettes and other combusted tobacco products.
| S-EPMC5559880 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo explore trends in pharmaceutical expenditure on diabetes between 2011 and 2015, describing trends in expenditure on blood glucose-lowering medications and estimating the effect of cost-containment measures implemented during this time.DesignRepeated cross-sectional study of national pharmacy claims data in Ireland.ParticipantsPatients' dispensed items used in the treatment or management of diabetes.Primary and secondary outcomesTotal expenditure associated with diabetes was calculated by extracting data on all diabetes-related items dispensed to eligible patients. Costs were categorised into two groups. Diabetes-specific items include items used directly in diabetes treatment (WHO-Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC): A10, V07, V04) and diabetes-related include all other condition-related items (WHO-ATC: B01, C, H04, N03, N06). The impacts of two specific cost-containment measures, co-payments and reference pricing, were assessed using segmented linear regression analyses of interrupted time-series.ResultsTotal expenditure varied over the study period, peaking at €216 994 441 in 2012. Expenditure on diabetes-specific items increased steadily by 18% reaching €153 621 477 in 2015, with blood glucose-lowering medications accounting for 73% of this increase. During the same period, expenditure on diabetes-related items decreased by 32% to €50 835 856. The introduction of reference pricing for atorvastatin in November 2013 resulted in immediate costs savings of €2.4 million per yearly quarter (level-change p<0.001).ConclusionsThe increasing expenditure on blood glucose-lowering medications negates the effect of recent cost-containment measures, presenting a significant challenge for the provision of diabetes care. Innovative policies are required to ensure high-quality diabetes care can be provided at an equitable, affordable and sustainable rate.
| S-EPMC7552837 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The longitudinal effect of abdominal weight status (AWS) defined by waist circumference (WC) on healthy aging has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the temporal association between WC-defined AWS and a comprehensive assessment for healthy aging. SUBJECTS/METHODS:This study utilized data from 5211 respondents aged 65+ who participated in the National Health and Aging Trends Study from 2011 to 2018. Mixed effects regression models were used to examine the association between baseline AWS and the annual change rate in healthy aging score (HAS) via interaction terms (AWS*round) adjusting for confounding effects. Further multiple mixed models examined the relationship of AWS and HAS over an 8-year period. RESULTS:There were no annual change rate differences in HAS by baseline AWS, regardless of sex. However, males with abdominal obesity were more likely to have a lower HAS than males with normal AWS (? = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.10, p < 0.001) but no difference in HAS was observed between males with overweight and normal AWS. A similar pattern was observed among females. CONCLUSIONS:Study results indicate that AWS was associated with HAS but it did not modify annual HAS change rate over time.
| S-EPMC7459859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background. Several guidelines for Parkinson's disease (PD) management were recently updated. We examined temporal trends for antiparkinsonism drugs in Taiwan. Methods. Antiparkinsonism prescriptions, including levodopa, ergot/nonergot dopamine agonists (DAs), amantadine, selegiline, entacapone, and anticholinergics, were identified in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database from 2004 to 2011. Time trend analyses were estimated assuming Poisson distribution. Results. A total of 19,302 PD patients in 2004 and 41,606 PD patients in 2011 were analyzed. Antiparkinsonism prescriptions increased significantly from 187,137 in 2004 to 414,587 in 2011. Levodopa monotherapy or combination therapy was the mainstay. Levodopa monotherapy comprised 37.4% of prescriptions in 2004 and 44.2% in 2011, with an annual increase rate of 18.14%. There was a substantially increasing trend of DA prescriptions, which were higher in younger-aged patients (<60 years) than in older-aged group (p = 0.0006). Among combination therapy, DA combined with levodopa or other antiparkinsonism medications became the main combinations for younger-aged patients after 2009. After 2005, the proportion of ergot DA usage markedly decreased and PD patients using nonergot DA increased. Conclusions. Levodopa was the major treatment from 2004 to 2011. There was a steeply increased trend of DA use, especially in younger-aged patients. Nonergot agents comprised the major DA group after 2005.
| S-EPMC4775810 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportancePresident Biden recently prioritized the fight against smoking as key to reducing cancer mortality.ObjectiveTo assess trends in smoking and illuminate the association between smoking and reducing deaths due to cancer.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study used responses to National Health Interview Surveys from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022, to characterize trends in current smoking for key sociodemographic groups among US adults.ExposuresAge (18-24, 25-39, 40-64, and ≥65 years), family income (<200%, 200%-399%, and ≥400% of the federal poverty level [FPL]), educational level (less than high school, high school degree or General Educational Development, some college, and college degree or above), and race and ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, White, and other).Main outcomes and measuresWeighted current smoking prevalence with 95% CIs by analysis group from 2011 to 2022. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) in smoking prevalence by analysis group is calculated using Joinpoint regression.ResultsData from 353 555 adults surveyed by the National Health Interview Surveys from 2011 to 2022 were included (12.6% Black, 15.0% Hispanic, 65.2% White, and 7.3% other race or ethnicity). Overall, smoking prevalence decreased among adults aged 18 to 24 years from 19.2% (95% CI, 17.5%-20.9%) in 2011 to 4.9% (95% CI, 3.7%-6.0%) in 2022 at an AAPC of -11.3% (95% CI, -13.2% to -9.4%), while it remained roughly constant among adults 65 years or older at 8.7% (95% CI, 7.9%-9.5%) in 2011 and 9.4% (95% CI, 8.7%-10.2%) in 2022 (AAPC, -0.1% [95% CI, -0.8% to 0.7%]). Among adults 65 years or older, smoking prevalence increased from 13.0% (95% CI, 11.2%-14.7%) in 2011 to 15.8% (95% CI, 14.1%-17.6%) for those with income less than 200% FPL (AAPC, 1.1% [95% CI, 0.1%-2.1%]) and remained roughly constant with no significant change for those of higher income. Similar age patterns are seen across educational level and racial and ethnic groups.Conclusions and relevanceThis cross-sectional study found that smoking prevalence decreased from 2011 to 2022 in all age groups except adults 65 years or older, with faster decreases among younger than older adults. These findings suggest that the greatest gains in terms of reducing smoking-attributable morbidity and mortality could be achieved by focusing on individuals with low socioeconomic status, as this population has the highest smoking rates and the worst health prospects.
| S-EPMC10692849 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMultiple factors may influence the risk of being homebound, including social isolation and race. This study examines the relationship between social isolation and homebound status by race over 9 years in a sample of adults.MethodsUtilizing a representative sample of 7788 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+ from 2011-2019, we assessed the odds of becoming homebound by social isolation. We defined social isolation as the objective lack of contact with others. We defined severe social isolation as scoring a 0 or 1 on a social connection scale from 0 to 4. Homebound status was defined as never leaving home or only leaving home with difficulty. Utilizing a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, gender, marital status, income, and education, we examined the association between social isolation at baseline and becoming homebound during the study in those who were not initially homebound.ResultsOlder adults in this study were on average 78 years old. Overall, most were white (69%), female (56.3%), and married (57.8%) and reported that they had a college education or higher (43.9%). Also, at baseline, approximately 25% of study participants were socially isolated, 21% were homebound, and 6.3% were homebound and socially isolated or severely socially isolated. Homebound status at baseline varied by race: Black, 23.9% and white, 16.6% (p < 0.0001). After 9 years, socially isolated black (hazard risk ratio, HRR 1.35, 95% confidence interval CI [1.05,1.73], p < 0.05) and white (HRR 1.25, 95% CI [1.09,1.42], p < 0.01) older adults were at higher risk of becoming homebound.ConclusionSocially isolated black and white adults are more likely to be homebound at baseline and become homebound over time. Further research is needed to determine whether community-based strategies and policies that identify and address social isolation reduce homebound status among community-dwelling older adults.
| S-EPMC9283207 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The prevalence of hypertension has been declining in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, we have not identified studies that evaluate trends for awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in LMIC. We aimed to describe the trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Peru. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary data (4 years) of the Demographic and Health Survey of Peru (ENDES, Spanish acronym), which is conducted annually and is representative at the country level. The age-standardized prevalence was estimated using the World Health Organization population as the reference population. The trend over time was evaluated with the score test for trend of odds. A total of 109,401 participants were included. In Peru, from 2015 to 2018, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension increased (p < 0.001), while the proportion of people with disease awareness (p < 0.001) and controlled hypertension decreased (p = 0.01). During that same period, the proportion of people with treatment for hypertension did not vary over time (p = 0.13). In 2018, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 20.6%, and the proportion of people with disease awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension was 43.5%, 20.6%, 5.3%, respectively. People with low socioeconomic status and people living in rural areas have the lowest proportion of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.
| S-EPMC8134053 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Epidemiological trends show marijuana use in the United States to have increased in recent years. Previous research has identified cohort effects as contributing to the rising prevalence, in particular birth cohorts born after 1945. However, given recent policy efforts to regulate marijuana use at the state level, period effects could also play a contributory role. This study aimed to examine whether cohort or period effects play a larger role in explaining trends in marijuana use. DESIGN:Using data from seven National Alcohol Surveys, we estimated age-period-cohort decomposition models for marijuana use, controlling for socio-demographic measures. SETTING:United States. PARTICIPANTS:US general population aged 18 and older from 1984 to 2015. MEASUREMENTS:Any past-year marijuana use. FINDINGS:Results indicated that period effects were the main driver of rising marijuana use prevalence. Models including indicators of medical and recreational marijuana policies did not find any significant positive impacts. CONCLUSIONS:The steep rise in marijuana use in the United States since 2005 occurred across the population and is attributable to general period effects not linked specifically to the liberalization of marijuana policies in some states.
| S-EPMC5807111 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:It is well known that the prevalence of obesity in Korea is increasing over time, however it is not known how the trends among occupational groups and sex differ in such increasing trends. This study was designed to provide recent trends of obesity among workers in Korea and to identify whether there were differences among occupational groups. Methods:We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phases I to VI (1998-2015), to analyze trends in the prevalence of obesity in adult Korean workers. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher. Occupations were classified into 3 groups: (a) nonmanual workers, (b) service/sales workers, and (c) manual workers. Results:During the period of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Phases I to VI, the prevalence of obesity in male workers increased in all occupations (31.1% to 39.5% in manual workers, 32.3% to 38.2% in service/sales workers, and 25.3% to 39.7% in manual workers). However, female workers did not show any particular tendency toward obesity, except for a significant decrease in the prevalence rate in service/sales workers (30.8% to 23.9%, p for trend = 0.0048). Conclusion:The trends of obesity prevalence by sex and occupation were different. For male manual workers, the prevalence rate increased steadily during the data period, while it decreased steadily in female sales/service workers.
| S-EPMC7078515 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Changes in adverse-event rates among Medicare patients with common medical conditions and conditions requiring surgery remain largely unknown.We used Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System data abstracted from medical records on 21 adverse events in patients hospitalized in the United States between 2005 and 2011 for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, or conditions requiring surgery. We estimated trends in the rate of occurrence of adverse events for which patients were at risk, the proportion of patients with one or more adverse events, and the number of adverse events per 1000 hospitalizations.The study included 61,523 patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (19%), congestive heart failure (25%), pneumonia (30%), and conditions requiring surgery (27%). From 2005 through 2011, among patients with acute myocardial infarction, the rate of occurrence of adverse events declined from 5.0% to 3.7% (difference, 1.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7 to 1.9), the proportion of patients with one or more adverse events declined from 26.0% to 19.4% (difference, 6.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.3 to 10.2), and the number of adverse events per 1000 hospitalizations declined from 401.9 to 262.2 (difference, 139.7; 95% CI, 90.6 to 189.0). Among patients with congestive heart failure, the rate of occurrence of adverse events declined from 3.7% to 2.7% (difference, 1.0 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.4), the proportion of patients with one or more adverse events declined from 17.5% to 14.2% (difference, 3.3 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.5), and the number of adverse events per 1000 hospitalizations declined from 235.2 to 166.9 (difference, 68.3; 95% CI, 39.9 to 96.7). Patients with pneumonia and those with conditions requiring surgery had no significant declines in adverse-event rates.From 2005 through 2011, adverse-event rates declined substantially among patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure but not among those hospitalized for pneumonia or conditions requiring surgery. (Funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and others.).
| S-EPMC4042316 | biostudies-literature