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Transforming Growth Factor-?1/Smad7 in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer.

ABSTRACT: In physiological conditions, the activity of the intestinal immune system is tightly regulated to prevent tissue-damaging reactions directed against components of the luminal flora. Various factors contribute to maintain immune homeostasis and diminished production and/or function of such molecules trigger and/or propagate detrimental signals, which can eventually lead to chronic colitis and colon cancer. One such a molecule is transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1), a cytokine produced by many inflammatory and non-inflammatory cells and targeting virtually all the intestinal mucosal cell types, with the down-stream effect of activating intracellular Smad2/3 proteins and suppressing immune reactions. In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), there is defective TGF-?1/Smad signaling due to high Smad7, an inhibitor of TGF-?1 activity. Indeed, knockdown of Smad7 with a specific antisense oligonucleotide restores endogenous TGF-?1 activity, thereby inhibiting inflammatory pathways in patients with IBD and colitic mice. Consistently, mice over-expressing Smad7 in T cells develop severe intestinal inflammation in various experimental models. Smad7 expression is also upregulated in colon cancer cells, in which such a protein controls positively intracellular pathways that sustain neoplastic cell growth and survival. We here review the role of TGF-?1 and Smad7 in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and cancer.

SUBMITTER: Troncone E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6019438 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transforming Growth Factor-β1/Smad7 in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer.

Troncone Edoardo E Marafini Irene I Stolfi Carmine C Monteleone Giovanni G

Frontiers in immunology 20180620

In physiological conditions, the activity of the intestinal immune system is tightly regulated to prevent tissue-damaging reactions directed against components of the luminal flora. Various factors contribute to maintain immune homeostasis and diminished production and/or function of such molecules trigger and/or propagate detrimental signals, which can eventually lead to chronic colitis and colon cancer. One such a molecule is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine produced by many ...[more]

PMID: 29973939

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Project description:ObjectiveThis study examined volatile anesthetic-mediated protection against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI).BackgroundIntestinal IRI is a devastating complication in the perioperative period leading to systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction. Volatile anesthetics, including isoflurane, have anti-inflammatory effects. We aimed to determine whether isoflurane, given after intestinal ischemia, protects against intestinal IRI and the mechanisms involved in this protection.Methods: After IACUC approval, mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital and subjected to 30 minutes of superior mesenteric artery ischemia, followed by 4 hours of equianesthetic doses of pentobarbital or isoflurane. Five hours after reperfusion, small intestine tissues were analyzed for morphological injury, apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, proinflammatory mRNAs, and TGF-(Transforming Growth Factor-)β1 levels. We also assessed hepatic and renal injury after intestinal IRI.ResultsIntestinal IRI with pentobarbital led to significant small intestinal dysfunction with increased mucosal injury, TUNEL (transferase biotin-dUTP nick end-labeling)-positive cells, neutrophil infiltration, and proinflammatory mRNAs as well as elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase and creatinine levels. Isoflurane exposure after IRI led to significant attenuation of intestinal, hepatic, and renal injuries. Furthermore, the protective effects of isoflurane were abolished by treatment with a TGF-β1 neutralizing antibody before induction of IRI. Finally, isoflurane exposure led to increased TGF-β1 levels in intestinal epithelial cells and in plasma.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that isoflurane post-conditioning protects against small intestinal injury and hepatic and renal dysfunction after severe intestinal IRI via induction of intestinal epithelial TGF-β1. Our findings support therapeutic applications of volatile anesthetics during the intraoperative and postoperative periods and imply an important role of TGF-β1 signaling in modulating multiorgan injury.

Dataset Information

Transforming Growth Factor-?1/Smad7 in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer.

Publications

Transforming Growth Factor-β1/Smad7 in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer.

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