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The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal side effects are the main problem with sodium bicarbonate (SB) use in sports. Therefore, our study assessed the effect of a new SB loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Fifty-eight wrestlers were randomized to either a progressive-dose regimen of up to 100 mg?kg-1 of SB or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first Wingate, dummy throw, and second Wingate tests. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. No gastrointestinal side effects were reported during the study. After SB treatment, there were no significant improvements in the outcomes of the Wingate and dummy throw tests. The only index that significantly improved with SB, compared to the placebo (p = 0.0142), was the time-to-peak power in the second Wingate test, which decreased from 3.44 ± 1.98 to 2.35 ± 1.17 s. There were also no differences in blood lactate or glucose concentrations. In conclusion, although the new loading regimen eliminated gastrointestinal symptoms, the doses could have been too small to elicit additional improvements in anaerobic power and wrestling performance. However, shortening the time-to-peak power during fatigue may be particularly valuable and is one of the variables contributing to the final success of a combat sports athlete.

SUBMITTER: Durkalec-Michalski K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6024820 | biostudies-literature | 2018 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

Durkalec-Michalski Krzysztof K Zawieja Emilia Ewa EE Podgórski Tomasz T Zawieja Bogna Ewa BE Michałowska Patrycja P Łoniewski Igor I Jeszka Jan J

Nutrients 20180530 6

Gastrointestinal side effects are the main problem with sodium bicarbonate (SB) use in sports. Therefore, our study assessed the effect of a new SB loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Fifty-eight wrestlers were randomized to either a progressive-dose regimen of up to 100 mg∙kg<sup>-1</sup> of SB or a placebo for 10 days. Before and after treatment, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised, in sequence, the first Wingate, dummy throw, and second Wingate ...[more]

PMID: 29848993

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Project description:BackgroundThe ability to sustain intense exercise seems to be partially limited by the body's capability to counteract decreases in both intra- and extracellular pH. While the influence of an enhanced buffering capacity via sodium bicarbonate (BICA) on short-term, high-intensity exercise performance has been repeatedly investigated, studies on prolonged endurance performances are comparatively rare, especially for running. The aim of the following study was to assess the ergogenic effects of an oral BICA substitution upon exhaustive intensive endurance running performance.MethodIn a double-blind randomized cross-over study, 18 trained runners (VO2peak: 61.2 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1) performed two exhaustive graded exercise tests and two constant load tests (30 main at 95% individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) followed by 110% IAT until exhaustion) after ingestion of either sodium bicarbonate (BICA) (0.3 g/kg) or placebo (4 g NaCl) diluted in 700 ml of water. Time to exhaustion (TTE) in the constant load test was defined as the main outcome measure. Throughout each test respiratory gas exchange measurements were conducted as well as determinations of heart rate, blood gases and blood lactate concentration.ResultsTTE in the constant load test did not differ significantly between BICA and placebo conditions (BICA: 39.6 ± 5.6 min, placebo: 39.3 ± 5.6 min; p = 0.78). While pH in the placebo test dropped to a slightly acidotic value two minutes after cessation of exercise (7.34 ± 0.05) the value in the BICA trial remained within the normal range (7.41 ± 0.06) (p < 0.001). In contrast, maximum running speed (Vmax) in the exhaustive graded exercise test was significantly higher with BICA (17.4 ± 1.0 km/h) compared to placebo (17.1 ± 1.0 km/h) (p = 0.009). The numerical difference in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak) failed to reach statistical significance (BICA: 61.2 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1, placebo: 59.8 ± 6.4 ml•min-1•kg-1; p = 0.31). Maximum blood lactate was significantly higher with BICA compared to the corresponding placebo test (BICA: 11.1 ± 2.3 mmol/l, placebo: 8.9 ± 3.0 mmol/l; p < 0.001). At the end of exercise, an acidotic pH value was found in both exhaustive graded exercise tests (p = 0.002). BICA caused gastrointestinal side effects in 15 patients.ConclusionMaximal performance was enhanced significantly after BICA administration. The ergogenic effect of BICA in the exhaustive graded exercise test can most likely be attributed to an increased anaerobic glycolysis that is reflected by an accumulation of lactate. However, TTE in prolonged high-intensity running was not improved. Even at the end of exercise no severe metabolic acidosis was found. Metabolic acidification as one of the dominant factors causing muscular fatigue should therefore be reconsidered.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) DRKS00011284.

Project description:BACKGROUND:The present study investigated the effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on a single bout of high-intensity exercise and on acid-base balance during 7-day high-altitude exposure. METHODS:Ten recreationally active subjects participated in a pre-test at sea level and a 7-day hiking tour in the Swiss Alps up to 4554?m above sea level. Subjects received either a daily dose of 0.3?g/kg NaHCO3 solution (n?=?5) or water as a placebo (n?=?5) for 7?days. Anaerobic high-intensity exercise performance was assessed using the portable tethered sprint running (PTSR) test under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (3585?m). PTSR tests assessed overall peak force, mean force, and fatigue index. Blood lactate levels and blood gas parameters were assessed pre- and post-PTSR. Urinary pH and blood gas parameters were further analyzed daily at rest in early morning samples under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. RESULTS:There were no significant differences between the bicarbonate and control group in any of the PTSR-related parameters. However, urinary pH (p?=?0.003, ?p2?=?0.458), early morning blood bicarbonate concentration (p?<?0.001, ?p2?=?0.457) and base excess (p?=?0.002, ?p2?=?0.436) were significantly higher in the bicarbonate group compared with the control group under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that oral NaHCO3 ingestion does not ameliorate the hypoxia-induced impairment in anaerobic, high-intensity exercise performance, represented by PTSR-related test parameters, under hypobaric, hypoxic conditions, but the maximal performance measurements may have been negatively affected by other factors, such as poor implementation of PTSR test instructions, pre-acclimatization, the time course of hypoxia-induced renal [HCO3-] compensation, changes in the concentrations of intra- and extracellular ions others than [H+] and [HCO3-], or gastrointestinal disturbances caused by NaHCO3 ingestion. However, chronic NaHCO3 ingestion improves blood bicarbonate concentration and base excess at altitude, which partially represent the blood buffering capacity.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Sodium bicarbonate (SB) has been proposed as an ergogenic aid, as it improves high-intensity and resistance exercise performance. However, no studies have yet investigated SB application in CrossFit. This study examined the effects of chronic, progressive-dose SB ingestion on CrossFit-like performance and aerobic capacity. METHODS:In a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial, 21 CrossFit-trained participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups and underwent 2 trials separated by a 14-day washout period. Participants ingested either up to 150 mg?kg-1 of SB in a progressive-dose regimen or placebo for 10 days. Before and after each trial, Fight Gone Bad (FGB) and incremental cycling (ICT) tests were performed. In order to examine biochemical responses, blood samples were obtained prior to and 3 min after completing each exercise test. RESULTS:No gastrointestinal (GI) side effects were reported during the entire protocol. The overall FGB performance improved under SB by ~6.1% (p<0.001) and it was ~3.1% higher compared to post placebo (PLApost) (p = 0.040). The number of repetitions completed in each round also improved under SB (mean from baseline: +5.8% to +6.4%). Moreover, in ICT, the time to ventilatory threshold (VT) (~8:25 min SBpost vs. ~8:00 min PLApost, p = 0.020), workload at VT (~218 W SBpost vs. ~208 W PLApost, p = 0.037) and heart rate at VT (~165 bpm SBpost vs. ~161 bpm PLApost, p = 0.030) showed higher SBpost than PLApost. Furthermore, the maximum carbon dioxide production increased under SB by ~4.8% (from ~3604 mL?min-1 to ~3776 mL?min-1, p = 0.049). Pyruvate concentration and creatine kinase activity before ICT showed higher SBpost than PLApost (~0.32 mmol?L-1 vs. ~0.26 mmol?L-1, p = 0.001; ~275 U?L-1 vs. ~250 U?L-1, p = 0.010, respectively). However, the small sample size limits the wide-application of our results. CONCLUSIONS:Progressive-dose SB ingestion regimen eliminated GI side effects and improved CrossFit-like performance, as well as delayed ventilatory threshold occurrence.

Project description:IntroductionTo date, no study has compared anaerobic capacity (AnC) estimates computed with the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) method and the gross energy cost (GEC) method applied to treadmill running exercise.PurposeFour different models for estimating anaerobic energy supply during treadmill running exercise were compared.MethodsFifteen endurance-trained recreational athletes performed, after a 10-min warm-up, five 4-min stages at ∼55-80% of peak oxygen uptake, and a 4-min time trial (TT). Two linear speed-metabolic rate (MR) regression models were used to estimate the instantaneous required MR during the TT (MR TT_req ), either including (5+Y LIN ) or excluding (5-Y LIN ) a measured Y-intercept. Also, the average GEC (GEC AVG ) based on all five submaximal stages, or the GEC based on the last submaximal stage (GEC LAST ), were used as models to estimate the instantaneous MR TT_req . The AnC was computed as the difference between the MR TT_req and the aerobic MR integrated over time.ResultsThe GEC remained constant at ∼4.39 ± 0.29 J⋅kg-1⋅m-1 across the five submaximal stages and the TT was performed at a speed of 4.7 ± 0.4 m⋅s-1. Compared with the 5-Y LIN , GEC AVG , and GEC LAST models, the 5+Y LIN model generated a MR TT_req that was ∼3.9% lower, with corresponding anaerobic capacities from the four models of 0.72 ± 0.20, 0.74 ± 0.16, 0.74 ± 0.15, and 0.54 ± 0.14 kJ⋅kg-1, respectively (F 1.07,42 = 13.9, P = 0.002). The GEC values associated with the TT were 4.22 ± 0.27 and 4.37 ± 0.30 J⋅kg-1⋅m-1 for 5+Y LIN and 5-Y LIN , respectively (calculated from the regression equation), and 4.39 ± 0.28 and 4.38 ± 0.27 J⋅kg-1⋅m-1 for GEC AVG and GEC LAST , respectively (F 1.08,42 = 14.6, P < 0.001). The absolute typical errors in AnC ranged between 0.03 and 0.16 kJ⋅kg-1 for the six pair-wise comparisons and the overall standard error of measurement (SEM) was 0.16 kJ⋅kg-1.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate a generally high disagreement in estimated anaerobic capacities between models and show that the inclusion of a measured Y-intercept in the linear regression (i.e., 5+Y LIN ) is likely to underestimate the MR TT_req and the GEC associated with the TT, and hence the AnC during maximal 4-min treadmill running.

Project description:Background:The aims of this study were to verify the effect of progressive-chronic and acute sodium bicarbonate (SB) supplementation on the anaerobic capacity, blood acid-base balance, and discipline-specific performance in team sports disciplines. Methods:Twenty-four trained male field hockey players completed a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of either progressive-chronic (increments from 0.05 up to 0.2?g/kg) or an acute one-off dose (0.2?g/kg) supplementation protocol. Before and after treatments, athletes completed an exercise protocol that comprised of a discipline-specific field performance test conducted between two separate Wingate anaerobic tests (WAnTs). Results:Progressive-chronic SB supplementation improved anaerobic capacity in the first bout of WAnTs, as observed based on an increase in mean power (MP: 575?±?71 vs. 602?±?67?W, p?=?0.005, ~?+?4.7%), peak power (PP: 749?±?94 vs. 777?±?96?W, p?=?0.002, ~?+?3.7%), power carry threshold (PCT) at 97%PP (727?±?91 vs. 753?±?93?W, p?=?0.002, ~?+?3.6%) and average power over PCT (739?±?94 vs. 765?±?95?W, p?=?0.001, ~?+?3.5%). Acute SB supplementation had no effect on anaerobic capacity. However, an improvement in time during discipline-specific field performance test was observed after progressive-chronic (919?±?42 vs. 912?±?27?s, p?=?0.05; ~?-?0.8%) and acute (939?±?26 vs. 914?±?22?s, p?=?0.006, ~?2.7%) SB supplementation. Acute SB supplementation also improved post-exercise parameters of acid-base balance (based on blood pH, bicarbonate concentration and base excess) compared to no supplementation or placebo. Conclusions:Our study indicates that both chronic and acute SB supplementation positively supports discipline-specific performance among field hockey athletes. Moreover, the chronic protocol supported anaerobic power indices before the inset of exercise-induced fatigue but had no significant impact afterwards. However, only the acute protocol significantly affected the buffering capacity, which can be used to determine athlete's performance during high-intensity sporting events. This study design therefore highlighted that future studies focusing on sodium bicarbonate supplementation in team sports should concentrate on the efficiency of chronic and acute supplementation in varying time frames.

Project description:Although biotic interactions among members of microbial communities have been conceived to be crucial for community assembly, it remains unclear how changes in environmental conditions affect microbial interaction and consequently system performance. Here, we adopted a random matrix theory-based network analysis to explore microbial interactions in triplicate anaerobic digestion (AD) systems, which is widely applied for organic pollutant treatments. The digesters were operated with incremental organic loading rates (OLRs) from 1.0 g volatile solids (VS)/liter/day to 1.3 g VS/liter/day and then to 1.5 g VS/liter/day, which increased VS removal and methane production proportionally. Higher resource availability led to networks with higher connectivity and shorter harmonic geodesic distance, suggestive of more intense microbial interactions and quicker responses to environmental changes. Strikingly, a number of topological properties of microbial network showed significant (P < 0.05) correlation with AD performance (i.e., methane production, biogas production, and VS removal). When controlling for environmental parameters (e.g., total ammonia, pH, and the VS load), node connectivity, especially that of the methanogenic archaeal network, still correlated with AD performance. Last, we identified the Methanothermus, Methanobacterium, Chlorobium, and Haloarcula taxa and an unclassified Thaumarchaeota taxon as keystone nodes of the network.IMPORTANCE AD is a biological process widely used for effective waste treatment throughout the world. Biotic interactions among microbes are critical to the assembly and functioning of the microbial community, but the response of microbial interactions to environmental changes and their influence on AD performance are still poorly understood. Using well-replicated time series data of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and functional gene arrays, we constructed random matrix theory-based association networks to characterize potential microbial interactions with incremental OLRs. We demonstrated striking linkage between network topological features of methanogenic archaea and AD functioning independent of environmental parameters. As the intricate balance of multiple microbial functional groups is responsible for methane production, our results suggest that microbial interaction may be an important, previously unrecognized mechanism in determining AD performance.

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The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

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The Effect of a New Sodium Bicarbonate Loading Regimen on Anaerobic Capacity and Wrestling Performance.

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