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Hepatic stellate cell-derived platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha-enriched extracellular vesicles promote liver fibrosis in mice through SHP2.

ABSTRACT: Liver fibrosis is characterized by the activation and migration of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), followed by matrix deposition. Recently, several studies have shown the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from liver cells, such as hepatocytes and endothelial cells, in liver pathobiology. While most of the studies describe how liver cells modulate HSC behavior, an important gap exists in the understanding of HSC-derived signals and more specifically HSC-derived EVs in liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the molecules released through HSC-derived EVs, the mechanism of their release, and the role of these EVs in fibrosis. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-alpha (PDGFR?) was enriched in EVs derived from PDGF-BB-treated HSCs. Moreover, patients with liver fibrosis had increased PDGFR? levels in serum EVs compared to healthy individuals. Mechanistically, in vitro tyrosine720-to-phenylalanine mutation on the PDGFR? sequence abolished enrichment of PDGFR? in EVs and redirected the receptor toward degradation. Congruently, the inhibition of Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase 2, the regulatory binding partner of phosphorylated tyrosine720, also inhibited PDGFR? enrichment in EVs. EVs derived from PDGFR?-overexpressing cells promoted in vitro HSC migration and in vivo liver fibrosis. Finally, administration of Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase 2inhibitor, SHP099, to carbon tetrachloride-administered mice inhibited PDGFR? enrichment in serum EVs and reduced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION:PDGFR? is enriched in EVs derived from PDGF-BB-treated HSCs in an Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase 2-dependent manner and these PDGFR?-enriched EVs participate in development of liver fibrosis. (Hepatology 2018;68:333-348).

SUBMITTER: Kostallari E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6033667 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Hepatic stellate cell-derived platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha-enriched extracellular vesicles promote liver fibrosis in mice through SHP2.

Kostallari Enis E Hirsova Petra P Prasnicka Alena A Verma Vikas K VK Yaqoob Usman U Wongjarupong Nicha N Roberts Lewis R LR Shah Vijay H VH

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20180510 1

Liver fibrosis is characterized by the activation and migration of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), followed by matrix deposition. Recently, several studies have shown the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from liver cells, such as hepatocytes and endothelial cells, in liver pathobiology. While most of the studies describe how liver cells modulate HSC behavior, an important gap exists in the understanding of HSC-derived signals and more specifically HSC-derived EVs in liver fibros ...[more]

PMID: 29360139

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Project description:Progression of fibrosis and the development of cirrhosis are responsible for the liver related morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver diseases. There is currently a great unmet need for effective anti-fibrotic strategies. Stem cells play a central role in wound healing responses to restore liver homeostasis following injury. Here we tested the hypothesis that extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) modulate hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation and may have anti-fibrotic effects. Human iPSCs were generated by reprogramming primary skin fibroblasts. EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation, quantified by flow cytometry (FACS) and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electron microscopy (TEM). Primary human HSCs were activated with TGFβ (10 ng/mL) and exposed to iPSC-EVs. Efficacy of iPSC-EVs was tested on HSC in vitro and in two murine models of liver injury (CCl4 and bile duct ligation). Characterization of iPSC-derived EVs by flow cytometry identified a large population of EVs released by iPSC, primarily with a diameter of 300 nm and that could be visualized by TEM as round, cup-shaped objects. Fluorescent tracing assays detected iPSC-EVs in HSC cytosol after a short incubation and EV uptake by HSCs resulted in both decrease of pro-fibrogenic markers αSMA, CollagenIα1, Fibronectin and TIMP-1 and HSC pro-fibrogenic responses such as chemotaxis and proliferation. Genomics analyses of iPSC-EV miRNA cargo revealed 22 highly expressed miRNAs, among which miR-92a-3p resulted the most abundant. Transcriptome analysis identified 60 genes down-modulated and 235 up-regulated in TGF-β-primed HSC in presence or absence of iPSC-EVs. Intravenous injection of iPSC-EVs in CCl4 and bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis resulted in anti-fibrotic effects at protein and gene levels. Results of this study identify iPSC-EVs as a novel anti-fibrotic approach that may reduce or reverse liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease.

Project description:Every year more than 500,000 deaths are attributed to trauma worldwide and severe hemorrhage is present in most of them. Transfused platelets have been shown to improve survival in trauma patients, although its mechanism is only partially known. Platelet derived-extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are small vesicles released from platelets upon activation and/or mechanical stimulation and many of the benefits attributed to platelets could be mediated through PEVs. Based on the available literature, we hypothesized that transfusion of human PEVs would promote hemostasis, reduce blood loss and attenuate the progression to hemorrhagic shock following severe trauma. In this study, platelet units from four different donors were centrifuged to separate platelets and PEVs. The pellets were washed to obtain plasma-free platelets to use in the rodent model. The supernatant was subjected to tangential flow filtration for isolation and purification of PEVs. PEVs were assessed by total count and particle size distribution by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and characterized for cells of origin and expression of EV specific-surface and cytosolic markers by flow cytometry. The coagulation profile from PEVs was assessed by calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) and thromboelastography (TEG). A rat model of uncontrolled hemorrhage was used to compare the therapeutic effects of 8.7?×?108 fresh platelets (FPLT group, n?=?8), 7.8?×?109 PEVs (PEV group, n?=?8) or Vehicle (Control, n?=?16) following severe trauma. The obtained pool of PEVs from 4 donors had a mean size of 101?±?47?nm and expressed the platelet-specific surface marker CD41 and the EV specific markers CD9, CD61, CD63, CD81 and HSP90. All PEV isolates demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in the rate and amount of thrombin generated and overall clot strength. In vivo experiments demonstrated a 24% reduction in abdominal blood loss following liver trauma in the PEVs group when compared with the control group (9.9?±?0.4 vs. 7.5?±?0.5?mL, p?<?0.001>). The PEV group also exhibited improved outcomes in blood pressure, lactate level, base excess and plasma protein concentration compared to the Control group. Fresh platelets failed to improve these endpoints when compared to Controls. Altogether, these results indicate that human PEVs provide pro-hemostatic support following uncontrolled bleeding. As an additional therapeutic effect, PEVs improve the outcome following severe trauma by maintaining hemodynamic stability and attenuating the development of ischemia, base deficit, and cardiovascular shock.

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Hepatic stellate cell-derived platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha-enriched extracellular vesicles promote liver fibrosis in mice through SHP2.

Publications

Hepatic stellate cell-derived platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha-enriched extracellular vesicles promote liver fibrosis in mice through SHP2.

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