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Progress in the discovery of amphipod crustaceans.

ABSTRACT: At present, amphipod crustaceans comprise 9,980 species, 1,664 genera, 444 subfamilies, and 221 families. Of these, 1,940 species (almost 20%) have been discovered within the last decade, including 18 fossil records for amphipods, which mostly occurred in Miocene amber and are probably all freshwater species. There have been more authors describing species since the 1950s and fewer species described per author since the 1860s, implying greater taxonomic effort and that it might be harder to find new amphipod species, respectively. There was no evidence of any change in papers per author or publication life-times of taxonomists over time that might have biased apparent effort. Using a nonhomogeneous renewal process model, we predicted that by the year 2100, 5,600 to 6,600 new amphipod species will be discovered. This indicates that about two-thirds of amphipods remain to be discovered which is twice the proportion than for species overall. Amphipods thus rank amongst the least well described taxa. To increase the prospect of discovering new amphipod species, studying undersampled areas and benthic microhabitats are recommended.

SUBMITTER: Arfianti T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6045924 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Progress in the discovery of amphipod crustaceans.

Arfianti Tri T Wilson Simon S Costello Mark John MJ

PeerJ 20180711

At present, amphipod crustaceans comprise 9,980 species, 1,664 genera, 444 subfamilies, and 221 families. Of these, 1,940 species (almost 20%) have been discovered within the last decade, including 18 fossil records for amphipods, which mostly occurred in Miocene amber and are probably all freshwater species. There have been more authors describing species since the 1950s and fewer species described per author since the 1860s, implying greater taxonomic effort and that it might be harder to find ...[more]

PMID: 30018857

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Project description:It is essential to discover novel neuropeptides that regulate the functions of pituitary, brain and peripheral secretory glands for the progress of neuroendocrinology. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic neuropeptide stimulating gonadotropin release was isolated and its structure was determined by Schally's and Guillemin's groups at the beginning of the 1970s. It was subsequently shown that GnRH is highly conserved among vertebrates. GnRH was assumed the sole hypothalamic neuropeptide that regulates gonadotropin release in vertebrates based on extensive studies of GnRH over the following three decades. However, in 2000, Tsutsui's group isolated and determined the structure of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide, which inhibits gonadotropin release, in quail, an avian species, and named it gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Following studies by Tsutsui's group demonstrated that GnIH is highly conserved among vertebrates, from humans to agnathans, and acts as a key neuropeptide inhibiting reproduction. Intensive research on GnIH demonstrated that GnIH inhibits gonadotropin synthesis and release by acting on gonadotropes and GnRH neurons via GPR147 in birds and mammals. Fish GnIH also regulates gonadotropin release according to its reproductive condition, indicating the conserved role of GnIH in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in vertebrates. Therefore, we can now say that GnRH is not the only hypothalamic neuropeptide controlling vertebrate reproduction. In addition, recent studies by Tsutsui's group demonstrated that GnIH acts in the brain to regulate behaviors, including reproductive behavior. The 18 years of GnIH research with leading laboratories in the world have significantly advanced our knowledge of the neuroendocrine control mechanism of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as interactions of the HPG, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes. This review describes how GnIH was discovered and GnIH research progressed in this new research era of reproductive neuroendocrinology.

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Progress in the discovery of amphipod crustaceans.

Publications

Progress in the discovery of amphipod crustaceans.

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