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How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading.

ABSTRACT: Background:Squatting is a core exercise for many purposes. The tissue loading during squatting is crucial for positive adaptation and to avoid injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of narrow, hip and wide stance widths, foot position angles (0°, 21°, and 42°), strength exercise experience, and barbell load (0 and 50% body weight, experts only) during squatting. Methods:Novice (N?=?21) and experienced (N?=?21) squatters performed 9 different variations of squats (3 stance widths, 3 foot placement angles). A 3D motion capture system (100 Hz) and two force plates (2000 Hz) were used to record mediolateral knee displacement (?D*), range of motion (RoM) at the hip and knee joints, and joint moments at the hip, knee, and lower back. Results:Both stance width and foot placement angles affected the moments at the hip and knee joints in the frontal and sagittal planes. ?D* varied with stance width, foot placement angles and between the subjects' level of experience with the squat exercise as follows: increasing foot angle led to an increased foot angle led to an increased ?D*, while an increased stance width resulted in a decreased ?D*; novice squatters showed a higher ?D*, while additional weight triggered a decreased ?D*. Conclusions:Suitable stance width and foot placement angles should be chosen according to the targeted joint moments. In order to avoid injury, special care should be taken in extreme positions (narrow stand-42° and wide stance-0°) where large knee and hips joint moments were observed.

SUBMITTER: Lorenzetti S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6050697 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading.

Lorenzetti Silvio S Ostermann Mira M Zeidler Fabian F Zimmer Pia P Jentsch Lina L List Renate R Taylor William R WR Schellenberg Florian F

BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation 20180717

<h4>Background</h4>Squatting is a core exercise for many purposes. The tissue loading during squatting is crucial for positive adaptation and to avoid injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of narrow, hip and wide stance widths, foot position angles (0°, 21°, and 42°), strength exercise experience, and barbell load (0 and 50% body weight, experts only) during squatting.<h4>Methods</h4>Novice (<i>N</i> = 21) and experienced (<i>N</i> = 21) squatters performed 9 different variations of sq ...[more]

PMID: 30026952

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Project description:PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the optimal anchor placement and trajectory when repairing acetabular labral tears during hip arthroscopy with the primary focus on the 12 to 3 o'clock positions on the acetabular rim.MethodsThree-dimensional computational models of the pelvis were generated from 13 cadaveric specimens using 3D slicer medical imaging software. A set of cones, consistent with the dimensions of a commonly used sutured anchor, were virtually embedded into the models at the 12, 1, 2, and 3 o'clock positions around the acetabulum. Mirror images of the cone were extended toward the superficial aspect of the hip. The volume of bone occupied by the virtual anchor, the trajectory angle, and the volume of overlap between adjacent anchor locations were calculated.ResultsBone volume was significantly greater at the 1 o'clock position (4196.2 [1190.2] mm3) compared with all other positions (P < .001). The 3 o'clock position had the smallest volume (629.2 [180.0] mm3) and was also significantly less than the 12 (P < .001) and 2 o'clock (P = .014) positions). The trajectory angle of 32.04 [5.05]°) at the 1 o'clock position was significantly greater compared with all other positions (P < .001). The least amount of adjacent position overlap occurred between the 2 and 3 o'clock positions (.12 [.42] mm3), and this was statistically smaller than the overlap between cones at the 12 and 1 o'clock positions (214.28 [251.88] mm3; P = .029) and the 1 and 2 o'clock positions (139.51 [177.14] mm3; P = .044).ConclusionsTrajectory angles and the thickness of bone around the acetabulum were the greatest at the 12 to 1 o'clock positions, with the 1 o'clock position identified as that with the largest trajectory angle for safe anchor insertion.Clinical relevanceThe use of a single, workhorse portal, for anchor insertion may not be recommended and careful selection of a portal allowing a direct approach should be used for anterior anchor insertion.

Project description:BACKGROUND:This study evaluated the 3D angle between the joint moment and the joint angular velocity vectors at the intrinsic foot joints, and investigated if these joints are predominantly driven or stabilized during gait. METHODS:The participants were 20 asymptomatic subjects. A four-segment kinetic foot model was used to calculate and estimate intrinsic foot joint moments, powers and angular velocities during gait. 3D angles between the joint moment and the joint angular velocity vectors were calculated for the intrinsic foot joints defined as follows: ankle joint motion described between the foot and the shank for the one-segment foot model (hereafter referred as Ankle), and between the calcaneus and the shank for the multi-segment foot model (hereafter referred as Shank-Calcaneus); joint motion described between calcaneus and midfoot segments (hereafter referred as Chopart joint); joint motion described between midfoot and metatarsus segments (hereafter referred as Lisfranc joint); joint motion described between first phalanx and first metatarsal (hereafter referred as First Metatarso-Phalangeal joint). When the vectors were approximately aligned, the moment was considered to result in propulsion (3D angle <60o) or resistance (3D angle >120o) at the joint. When the vectors are approximately orthogonal (3D angle close to 90°), the moment was considered to stabilize the joint. RESULTS:The results showed that the four intrinsic joints of the foot are never fully propelling, resisting or being stabilized, but are instead subject to a combination of stabilization with propulsion or resistance during the majority of the stance phase of gait. However, the results also show that during pre-swing all four the joints are subject to moments that result purely in propulsion. At heel off, the propulsive configuration appears for the Lisfranc joint first at terminal stance, then for the other foot joints at pre-swing in the following order: Ankle, Chopart joint and First Metatarso-Phalangeal joint. CONCLUSIONS:Intrinsic foot joints adopt a stabilized-resistive configuration during the majority of the stance phase, with the exception of pre-swing during which all joints were found to adopt a propulsive configuration. The notion of stabilization, resistance and propulsion should be further investigated in subjects with foot and ankle disorders.

Dataset Information

How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading.

Publications

How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading.

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