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Apolipoprotein E region molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease.

ABSTRACT: Although the APOE region is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's diseases (ADs), its pathogenic role remains poorly understood. Elucidating genetic predisposition to ADs, a subset of age-related diseases characteristic for postreproductive period, is hampered by the undefined role of evolution in establishing molecular mechanisms of such diseases. This uncertainty is inevitable source of natural-selection-free genetic heterogeneity in predisposition to ADs. We performed first large-scale analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) structures characterized by 30 polymorphisms from five genes in the APOE 19q13.3 region (BCAM, NECTIN2, TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1) in 2,673 AD-affected and 16,246 unaffected individuals from five cohorts. Consistent with the undefined role of evolution in age-related diseases, we found that these structures, being highly heterogeneous, are significantly different in subjects with and without ADs. The pattern of the difference represents molecular signature of AD comprised of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from all five genes in the APOE region. Significant differences in LD in subjects with and without ADs indicate SNPs from different genes likely involved in AD pathogenesis. Significant and highly heterogeneous molecular signatures of ADs provide unprecedented insight into complex polygenetic predisposition to ADs in the APOE region. These findings are more consistent with a complex haplotype than with a single genetic variant origin of ADs in this region.

SUBMITTER: Kulminski AM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6052488 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Apolipoprotein E region molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease.

Kulminski Alexander M AM Huang Jian J Wang Jiayi J He Liang L Loika Yury Y Culminskaya Irina I

Aging cell 20180523 4

Although the APOE region is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's diseases (ADs), its pathogenic role remains poorly understood. Elucidating genetic predisposition to ADs, a subset of age-related diseases characteristic for postreproductive period, is hampered by the undefined role of evolution in establishing molecular mechanisms of such diseases. This uncertainty is inevitable source of natural-selection-free genetic heterogeneity in predisposition to ADs. We performed first large- ...[more]

PMID: 29797398

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Project description:BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) and sleep disorders are both neurodegenerative conditions characterized by impaired or absent sleep. However, potential common pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases are not well characterized.MethodsDifferentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using publicly available human gene expression profiles GSE5281 for AD and GSE40562 for sleep disorder. DEGs common to the two datasets were used for enrichment analysis, and we performed multi-scale embedded gene co-expression network analysis (MEGENA) for common DEGs. Fast gene set enrichment analysis (fGSEA) was used to obtain common pathways, while gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was applied to quantify those pathways. Subsequently, we extracted the common genes between module genes identified by MEGENA and genes of the common pathways, and we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The top 10 genes with the highest degree of connectivity were classified as hub genes. Common genes were used to perform Metascape enrichment analysis for functional enrichment. Furthermore, we quantified infiltrating immune cells in patients with AD or sleep disorder and in controls.ResultsDEGs common to the two disorders were involved in the citrate cycle and the HIF-1 signaling pathway, and several common DEGs were related to signaling pathways regulating the pluripotency of stem cells, as well as 10 other pathways. Using MEGENA, we identified 29 modules and 1,498 module genes in GSE5281, and 55 modules and 1,791 module genes in GSE40562. Hub genes involved in AD and sleep disorder were ATP5A1, ATP5B, COX5A, GAPDH, NDUFA9, NDUFS3, NDUFV2, SOD1, UQCRC1, and UQCRC2. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and T helper 17 cells had the most extensive infiltration in both AD and sleep disorder.ConclusionAD pathology and pathways of neurodegeneration participate in processes contributing in AD and sleep disorder. Hub genes may be worth exploring as potential candidates for targeted therapy of AD and sleep disorder.

Project description:Despite huge investments and major efforts to develop remedies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the past decades, AD remains incurable. While evidence for molecular and phenotypic variability in AD have been accumulating, AD research still heavily relies on the search for AD-specific genetic/protein biomarkers that are expected to exhibit repetitive patterns throughout all patients. Thus, the classification of AD patients to different categories is expected to set the basis for the development of therapies that will be beneficial for subpopulations of patients. Here we explore the molecular heterogeneity among a large cohort of AD and non-demented brain samples, aiming to address the question whether AD-specific molecular biomarkers can progress our understanding of the disease and advance the development of anti-AD therapeutics. We studied 951 brain samples, obtained from up to 17 brain regions of 85 AD patients and 22 non-demented subjects. Utilizing an information-theoretic approach, we deciphered the brain sample-specific structures of altered transcriptional networks. Our in-depth analysis revealed that 7 subnetworks were repetitive in the 737 diseased and 214 non-demented brain samples. Each sample was characterized by a subset consisting of ~1-3 subnetworks out of 7, generating 52 distinct altered transcriptional signatures that characterized the 951 samples. We show that 30 different altered transcriptional signatures characterized solely AD samples and were not found in any of the non-demented samples. In contrast, the rest of the signatures characterized different subsets of sample types, demonstrating the high molecular variability and complexity of gene expression in AD. Importantly, different AD patients exhibiting similar expression levels of AD biomarkers harbored distinct altered transcriptional networks. Our results emphasize the need to expand the biomarker-based stratification to patient-specific transcriptional signature identification for improved AD diagnosis and for the development of subclass-specific future treatment.

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Apolipoprotein E region molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease.

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Apolipoprotein E region molecular signatures of Alzheimer's disease.

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