Molecular catalyst systems as key enablers for tailored polyesters and polycarbonate recycling concepts.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Westhues S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6086616 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Molecular catalyst systems as key enablers for tailored polyesters and polycarbonate recycling concepts.
Westhues Stefan S Idel Jasmine J Klankermayer Jürgen J
Science advances 20180810 8
A transition metal catalyst system for the selective catalytic depolymerization of various polyester- and polycarbonate-based materials is presented. The use of a molecular ruthenium catalyst with selected triphos ligands enabled a selective hydrogenolysis of a large diversity of polymeric consumer products, paving the way to innovative and sustainable recycling strategies within a circular economy. ...[more]
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Keywords: disease state analysis Experiment Design: â?¢ Type of experiment: This study used microarray experiments to profile prostate cancer progression through the isolation of pure cell populations using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and OmniPlex Whole Transcriptome (WTA) Amplification. â?¢ Experimental factors: This study profiled various pure cell populations isolated by LCM from prostate tissue. â?¢ The number of hybridizations performed in the experiment: A total of 104 hybridizations were performed. â?¢ The type of reference used for the hybridizations: A single commercially available pool of benign prostate tissue (CPP, Clontech) was used as the reference in all hybridizations. For the reference sample, 10 ng of CPP total RNA was converted into a WTA cDNA library in a volume of 25 µl and five 5 µl aliquots were amplified by WTA PCR and purified. Five ng aliquots of the pooled products were subjected to a second WTA PCR amplification in the presence of amino-allyl dUTP and all products were pooled before labeling to ensure equal representation across all of the hybridizations. â?¢ Hybridization design: For all hybridizations, the experimental prostate sample isolated by LCM was labeled with Cy5 and the common reference of benign pooled prostate as described above was labeled with Cy3. â?¢ Quality control steps taken: In order to assess biological and technical reproducibility, we captured identical regions from two specimens (PCA_11 and MET_HR_3) and subjected one sample, PCA_30, to two hybridizations. For PCA_11, adjacent regions of the same section were captured and treated as separate samples. For MET_HR_3, two separate foci of the liver metastasis (from separate frozen blocks) were captured and treated as separate samples. For PCA_30, two aliquots of the primary WTA PCR products were separately subjected to a second round of WTA PCR amplification. Replicates from PCA_30 and MET_HR_3 were also hybridized to arrays from each of the print runs utilized in this study. Samples used, extract preparation and labeling: â?¢ The origin of the biological sample (for instance, name of the organism, the provider of the sample) and its characteristics: All samples used were of human origin. The table in the MIAME Checklist (Supplmentary Methods) summarizes the samples used. Hybridizations are named according to the class of sample profiled and the background color is the same as shown in Figure S3. Two print runs were used during the course of the study and the indicated run for each hybridization is given. For prostate cancer samples, the Gleason patterns present on the sample section used are indicated, as well as the Gleason patterns of the actual cells isolated by LCM. A unique case number for all profiled samples is given. Descriptions of samples are given where applicable, including the location of metastatic foci. â?¢ Manipulation of biological samples and protocols used: Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) was performed from frozen tissue sections with the SL Microtest device using µCUT software (MMI). Approximately 10,000 cells were captured for each sample. Serial sections were used if cells could not be obtained from a single section. Total RNA was isolated from captured cells with the RNAqueous Micro kit (Ambion) and treated with DNAse I according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA quantification was perfomed using Ribogreen (Molecular Probes). â?¢ Protocol for preparing the hybridization extract: For each sample, total RNA (~10ng) in a volume of 25 µl was converted into an OmniPlex WTA cDNA library and amplified by WTA PCR using reagents and protocols according to the beta-commercial TransPlex WTA kit (Rubicon Genomics, Ann Arbor, MI). For each sample, a single 10 µl aliquot of the WTA cDNA library was amplified by WTA PCR and products were purified. Four or five 5 ng aliquots of product were subjected to a second WTA PCR amplification in the presence of amino-allyl dUTP for post amplification labeling and products were pooled before proceeding with the hybridization. Yields after all WTA PCR amplifications were between 2 to 5 μg per reaction, and reaction progress was monitored in real time using SYBR green I (Molecular Probes) on the iCycler IQ (BioRad) or ABI 7300 Real Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems). Real-time PCR amplifications were terminated at or before plateau phase as measured by fluorescence incorporation to preserve maximum representation. â?¢ Labeling protocol(s): For all WTA amplified cDNA samples with amino-allyl dUTP incorporated (10-20 ï?g), nuclease free water was added to 500 ï?l, the sample was transferred to a Microcon YM-30 filter, and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf at RT for 12 minutes. The spin column was inverted in a new collection tube and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf for 2 min at RT. The amount of sample was measured and the volume was adjusted to 5 ï?l with nuclease free water. For labeling, 5 ï?l of 1 M sodium bicarbonate (pH 9.0) was added and allowed to incubate at RT for 15 min. Nine ï?l of anhydrous DMSO were added to Mono Reactive Cy3 and Cy5 dye packs (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England), mixed thoroughly, and 1 ï?l of the proper dye was added to each sample. The labeling mixture was incubated in the dark at RT for 1 hour. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 9 ï?l of 4 M Hydroxylamine for 15 min. For each labeling mixture, RNase free water was added to 100 ï?l, 500 ï?l of PB buffer was added and Cy3 and Cy5 mixtures were added to separate Qiaquick (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) spin columns and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf. Columns were washed twice with 700 ï?l of buffer PE, and centrifuged dry at 13,000 rcf for 2 min. To elute, 60 ï?l of EB buffer was placed on the column, incubated for 5 min and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf for 1 min. The Cy3 labeled and Cy5 labeled cDNA for each hybridization were mixed and 1.5 ï?l were used for analysis on a ND-1000 spectrophotometer. â?¢ External controls (spikes): Not utilized Hybridization procedures and parameters: â?¢ The protocol and conditions used during hybridization, blocking and washing: For hybridization, 40 ï?g of human Cot-1 DNA (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was added to 120 ï?l of labeled cDNA, the probe was transferred to a Microcon YM-30 filter and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf for 6 min at RT. The spin column was inverted in a new collection tube and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf for 2 min at RT. The eluted probe volume was adjusted to 18.6 ï?l with nuclease free water and the following were added: 4 ï?l of yeast tRNA (10 ï?g/ï?l, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 4.9 ï?l of 20X SSC and 0.84 ï?l of 10% SDS. The probe was denatured at 100 Co for 3 min and centrifuged at 13,000 rcf for 45 sec. The probe was added directly to the microarray and a cover slip was added. Slides were hybridized overnight in DIE-TECH 1 or 5 slide hybridization chambers in a 65 Co water bath. After hybridization, cover slips were removed by incubation in 2x SSC / 0.05% SDS. Slides were then washed in 2x SSC / 0.05% SDS for 5 min and 0.2x SSC / 0.05% SDS for five minutes. Slides were then washed in 0.2x SSC for 10 sec and centrifuged dry at 500 rpm for 5 min. Measurement data and specifications: â?¢ Type of scanning hardware and software used: Microarrays were scanned using a GenePix 4000B scanner (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA). â?¢ Type of image analysis software used: Images were gridded and spots were quantified using GenePix Pro 4.0 software (Axon Instruments, Union City, CA). â?¢ A description of the measurements produced by the image-analysis software and a description of which measurements were used in the analysis: The measurements made by GenePix Pro 4.0 are described in the sample files. For all hybridizations, the log2 normalized Median of Ratios (as described below) was used. â?¢ Data selection and transformation procedures: Arrays were auto-gridded by GenePix 4.0. Features flagged by GenePix as not found during grid
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