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Suitability of Copper Nitride as a Wiring Ink Sintered by Low-Energy Intense Pulsed Light Irradiation.

ABSTRACT: Copper nitride particles have a low decomposition temperature, they absorb light, and are oxidation-resistant, making them potentially useful for the development of novel wiring inks for printing circuit boards by means of intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering at low-energy. Here, we compared the thermal decomposition and light absorption of copper materials, including copper nitride (Cu?N), copper(I) oxide (Cu?O), or copper(II) oxide (CuO). Among the copper compounds examined, copper nitride had the second highest light absorbency and lowest decomposition temperature; therefore, we concluded that copper nitride was the most suitable material for producing a wiring ink that is sintered by means of IPL irradiation. Wiring inks containing copper nitride were compared with those of wiring inks containing copper nitride, copper(I) oxide, or copper(II) oxide, and copper conversion rate and sheet resistance were also determined. Under low-energy irradiation (8.3 J cm-2), copper nitride was converted to copper at the highest rate among the copper materials, and provided a sheet resistance of 0.506 ? sq-1, indicating that copper nitride is indeed a candidate material for development as a wiring ink for low-energy intense pulsed light sintering-based printed circuit board production processes.

SUBMITTER: Nakamura T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6116240 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Suitability of Copper Nitride as a Wiring Ink Sintered by Low-Energy Intense Pulsed Light Irradiation.

Nakamura Takashi T Cheong Hea Jeong HJ Takamura Masahiko M Yoshida Manabu M Uemura Sei S

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 20180814 8

Copper nitride particles have a low decomposition temperature, they absorb light, and are oxidation-resistant, making them potentially useful for the development of novel wiring inks for printing circuit boards by means of intense pulsed light (IPL) sintering at low-energy. Here, we compared the thermal decomposition and light absorption of copper materials, including copper nitride (Cu₃N), copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O), or copper(II) oxide (CuO). Among the copper compounds examined, copper nitride had ...[more]

PMID: 30110978

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Project description:PurposeTo investigate the comparative efficacy of intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy alone with that of IPL plus meibomian gland expression (MGX) for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).MethodsThis is a prospective randomized crossover clinical trial. Sixty patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups. All of patients underwent four treatment sessions in total, which were two weeks apart. Group 1 underwent two sessions of IPL therapy with MGX, as well as two sessions of IPL alone. Group 2 received two sessions of IPL therapy alone, and two sessions of IPL therapy with MGX. The following parameters were measured at baseline (BL), 2 weeks after the second treatment session (FU1), and 2 weeks after the fourth treatment session (FU2): tearfilm break-up time (BUT), Oxford grade for corneal staining, meibomian gland expressibility (MGE), meibum quality (MQ), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI). The separate effect of MGX on improvement of MGD parameters was evaluated using generalized estimating equation (GEE).ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 57.52 ± 10.50 years. The BUT, Oxford grade, MGE, MQ, and OSDI of both groups improved significantly (from baseline) by the end of four treatment sessions (FU2 compared to BL; all p-values <0.05). The MGE and MQ significantly improved after the first and second treatment sessions (FU1 compare to BL; all p-values < 0.001). However, the improvement was not statistically significant after the third and fourth treatment sessions (FU2 compared to FU1; p-value of 0.388 for MGE and 0.645 for MQ in group 1, 0.333 for MGE and 0.333 for MQ in group 2). The IPL plus MGX therapy produced greater improvements in the BUT scores than did IPL therapy alone (p = 0.003 by GEE). In contrast, the Oxford grade, MGE, MQ, and OSDI were not influenced by the addition of MGX to IPL (p = 0.642, 0.663, 0.731, and 0.840, respectively by GEE).ConclusionIPL therapy effectively improves the subjective symptoms and objective ocular findings of MGD. MGX enhanced the improvement of BUT driven by IPL therapy. The meibomian gland function (MGE and MQ) recovers faster in response to IPL therapy than did the other parameters.

Dataset Information

Suitability of Copper Nitride as a Wiring Ink Sintered by Low-Energy Intense Pulsed Light Irradiation.

Publications

Suitability of Copper Nitride as a Wiring Ink Sintered by Low-Energy Intense Pulsed Light Irradiation.

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