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Etomoxir Inhibits Macrophage Polarization by Disrupting CoA Homeostasis.

ABSTRACT: Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation has been shown to play an important role in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated macrophage polarization (M(IL-4)). However, many of these conclusions are based on the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 with high concentrations of etomoxir that far exceed what is required to inhibit enzyme activity (EC90 < 3 ?M). We employ genetic and pharmacologic models to demonstrate that LCFA oxidation is largely dispensable for IL-4-driven polarization. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of etomoxir retained the ability to disrupt M(IL-4) polarization in the absence of Cpt1a or Cpt2 expression. Although excess etomoxir inhibits the adenine nucleotide translocase, oxidative phosphorylation is surprisingly dispensable for M(IL-4). Instead, the block in polarization was traced to depletion of intracellular free coenzyme A (CoA), likely resulting from conversion of the pro-drug etomoxir into active etomoxiryl CoA. These studies help explain the effect(s) of excess etomoxir on immune cells and reveal an unappreciated role for CoA metabolism in macrophage polarization.

SUBMITTER: Divakaruni AS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6125190 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Etomoxir Inhibits Macrophage Polarization by Disrupting CoA Homeostasis.

Divakaruni Ajit S AS Hsieh Wei Yuan WY Minarrieta Lucía L Duong Tin N TN Kim Kristen K O KKO Desousa Brandon R BR Andreyev Alexander Y AY Bowman Caitlyn E CE Caradonna Kacey K Dranka Brian P BP Ferrick David A DA Liesa Marc M Stiles Linsey L Rogers George W GW Braas Daniel D Ciaraldi Theodore P TP Wolfgang Michael J MJ Sparwasser Tim T Berod Luciana L Bensinger Steven J SJ Murphy Anne N AN

Cell metabolism 20180628 3

Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation has been shown to play an important role in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-mediated macrophage polarization (M(IL-4)). However, many of these conclusions are based on the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 with high concentrations of etomoxir that far exceed what is required to inhibit enzyme activity (EC<sub>90</sub> < 3 μM). We employ genetic and pharmacologic models to demonstrate that LCFA oxidation is largely dispensable for IL-4-driven polarization. ...[more]

PMID: 30043752

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Project description:BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis, making M2 polarization of TAMs an ever more appealing target for therapeutic intervention. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a saponin component isolated from Astragali radix, has been reported to inhibit the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer, but its effects on TAMs during lung cancer progression have not been investigated.MethodsHuman THP-1 monocytes were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages through treatments with IL-4, IL-13, and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). We used the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299 cultured in conditioned medium from M2 macrophages (M2-CM) to investigate the effects of AS-IV on tumor growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells. Macrophage subset distribution, M1 and M2 macrophage-associated markers, and mRNA expression were analyzed by flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that mediate M2-CM-promoted tumor migration was detected using western blotting.ResultsHere we found that AS-IV significantly inhibited IL-13 and IL-4-induced M2 polarization of macrophages, as illustrated by reduced expression of CD206 and M2-associated genes, and that AS-IV suppressed the M2-CM-induced invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of A549 and H1299 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AS-IV greatly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of metastases of Lewis lung cancer. The percentage of M2 macrophages was decreased in tumor tissue after AS-IV treatment. Furthermore, AS-IV inhibited AMPK? activation in M2 macrophages, and silencing of AMPK? partially abrogated the inhibitory effect of AS-IV.ConclusionsAS-IV reduced the growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of lung cancer by blocking the M2 polarization of macrophages partially through the AMPK signaling pathway, which appears to play an important role in AS-IV's ability to inhibit the metastasis of lung cancer.

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Etomoxir Inhibits Macrophage Polarization by Disrupting CoA Homeostasis.

Publications

Etomoxir Inhibits Macrophage Polarization by Disrupting CoA Homeostasis.

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