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Exercise, energy balance and body composition.

ABSTRACT: Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2?MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.

SUBMITTER: Westerterp KR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6125254 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exercise, energy balance and body composition.

Westerterp Klaas R KR

European journal of clinical nutrition 20180905 9

Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. C ...[more]

PMID: 30185845

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Project description:BackgroundThe transition to parenthood is a cornerstone event for both parents, potentially leading to relevant changes in lifestyle and behaviour. In women, the metabolic changes during and after pregnancy and the deleterious effects of excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention have been extensively described. However, there is no full understanding about which specific energy balance related behaviours (EBRB) contribute to unfavourable weight gain and weight retention. Furthermore, information on how transition to parenthood affects men is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to investigate changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB in couples transitioning to parenthood.MethodsTRANSPARENTS is a multi-centre observational follow-up study that focuses on body weight, body composition and EBRB during the transition to parenthood. Couples (women and men) will be recruited during the first trimester of their first pregnancy. Study visits will occur at four occasions (12 weeks of pregnancy, 6 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum and 12 months postpartum). Anthropometrics of the parents and new-borns will be assessed including body weight, height/length, body composition (using bio-electrical impedance analysis and measurement of four skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subscapular and supraspinal/suprailiac)) and waist and hip circumference. Dietary intake, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, smoking habits, sleeping pattern, fatigue, diet and exercise related partner support, mental health, breastfeeding, contraception use, and socio-demographics will be assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, accelerometry will be used to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviour objectively. Also data from women's medical record, such as pre-pregnancy weight and pregnancy outcomes, will be included. Multilevel modelling will be used to evaluate maternal and paternal changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB during and after pregnancy (primary outcomes). Multiple linear regression analyses will be performed to identify predictors of changes in body weight, body composition and EBRB. All analyses will be adjusted for possible confounders.DiscussionTRANSPARENTS is a unique project identifying vulnerable parents and (un)favourable changes in EBRB throughout this potentially critical life period. Provided insights will facilitate the development of effective intervention strategies to help couples towards a healthy transition to parenthood.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03454958. Registered March 2018.

Project description:AimsMaximal exercise capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption (pVO2 ) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) of heart transplant recipients (HTR) is limited to a 50-70% level of healthy age-matched controls. This study investigated the relationship between body composition and pVO2 during the first decade post-transplant.Methods and resultsBody composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and pVO2 by CPET in 48 HTR (n = 38 males; mean age 51 ± 12 years). A total of 95 assessments were acquired 1-9 years post-transplant, and the results of four consecutive periods were compared [Period 1: 1-2 years (n = 25); 2: 3-4 years (n = 23); 3: 5-6 years (n = 23); 4: 7-9 years (n = 24)]. Linear regression analysis analysed the correlation between pVO2 and pairs of appendicular lean mass (ALM) and fat mass (FM). The relation between ALM and daily dose of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) was explored using partial correlation controlling for age, gender, and height. pVO2 increased from 0.98 (0.34) to 1.35 (0.35) L/min (P < 0.01) between Periods 1 and 4 corresponding to 54.5-63.3% of predicted value. Peak heart rate (HR) raised from 115 ± 19 to 131 ± 23 b.p.m. (P = 0.05), and anaerobic threshold (AT = VO2 achieved at AT) increased from 0.57 (0.18) to 0.83 (0.35) L/min (P < 0.01) between Periods 1 and 3. Median FM normalized to height2 (FMI) always remained elevated (>8.8 kg/m2 ). ALM normalized to body mass index increased from 0.690 (0.188) to 0.848 (0.204) m2 (P = 0.02) between Periods 1 and 4, explaining 45% of the variance of pVO2 (R2 = 0.455; P < 0.001). Eighty-one per cent of the variance of pVO2 (R2 = 0.817; P < 0.001) in multiple regression was explained by AT (β = 0.488), ALM (β = 0.396), peak HR (β = 0.366), and FMI (β = -0.181). ALM was negatively correlated with daily CNI dose (partial R = -0.258; P = 0.01).ConclusionsAfter heart transplantation, the beneficial effect of peripheral skeletal muscle gain on pVO2 is opposed by increased FM. Our findings support lifestyle efforts to fight adiposity and CNI dose reduction in the chronic stable phase to favour positive adaptation of peripheral muscle mass.

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Exercise, energy balance and body composition.

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Exercise, energy balance and body composition.

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