Dataset Information

Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) from Sikukia gudgeri (Cyprinidae, Barbinae) in southwest China.

ABSTRACT: Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) is described from the gills of Sikukia gudgeri Smith, 1931 (Cyprinidae) collected from Jinghong Basin, a tributary of the international Lancang-Mekong River. This is the first diplozoid species from S. gudgeri and its description increases the number of Paradiplozoon species recorded in China to 25. The new species is distinguished from congeners by a combination of morphological and molecular features. The anterior end of the median plate is thickened in the marginal area and a narrow rectangular trapeze spur connects to the anterior jaw through two separate anterior joining sclerites. The posterior end of the median plate sclerite is invaginated with a smooth strip-shaped posterior joining sclerite. Comparison of a newly obtained sequence of rRNA ITS2 with 18 other congeneric sequences from GenBank provides support for separation of the new species.

SUBMITTER: Fan LX

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6128167 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) from Sikukia gudgeri (Cyprinidae, Barbinae) in southwest China.

Fan Li-Xian LX Meng Fei-Yan FY Bai Jun-Ping JP Xu Wei-Jiang WJ Wang Xu X

Parasite (Paris, France) 20180907

Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) is described from the gills of Sikukia gudgeri Smith, 1931 (Cyprinidae) collected from Jinghong Basin, a tributary of the international Lancang-Mekong River. This is the first diplozoid species from S. gudgeri and its description increases the number of Paradiplozoon species recorded in China to 25. The new species is distinguished from congeners by a combination of morphological and molecular features. The anterior end of the median plat ...[more]

PMID: 30192224

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Project description:BackgroundDiplozoidae are monogenean (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) fish parasites characterised by a unique life history: two larvae permanently fuse into an X-shaped "Siamese" organism. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Diplozoidae and Polyopisthocotylea remain unresolved due to the unavailability of molecular markers with sufficiently high resolution. Mitogenomes may be a suitable candidate, but there are currently only 12 available for the Polyopisthocotylea (three for Diplozoidae). The only available study of diplozoid mitogenomes found unique base composition patterns and elevated evolution rates in comparison with other Monogenean mitogenomes.MethodsTo further explore their evolution and generate molecular data for evolutionary studies, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of two Diplozoidae species, Paradiplozoon homoion and Paradiplozoon yarkandense, and conducted a number of comparative mitogenomic analyses with other polyopisthocotyleans.ResultsWe found further evidence that mitogenomes of Diplozoidae evolve at a unique, elevated rate, which was reflected in their exceptionally long branches, large sizes, unique base composition, skews, and very low gene sequence similarity levels between the two newly sequenced species. They also exhibited remarkably large overlaps between some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of Polyopisthocotylea resolved all major taxa as monophyletic, and Mazocraeidea was split into two major clades: (Diplozoidae) + (all four remaining families: Diclidophoridae, Chauhaneidae, Mazocraeidae and Microcotylidae). It also provided further confirmation that the genus Paradiplozoon is paraphyletic and requires a taxonomic revision, so the two species may have to be renamed Indodiplozoon homoion and Diplozoon yarkandense comb. nov.ConclusionsAlthough our findings indicate that mitogenomes may be a promising tool for resolving the phylogeny of Polyopisthocotylea, elevated evolutionary rates of Diplozoidae may cause phylogenetic artefacts, so future studies should pay caution to this problem. Furthermore, as the reason for their elevated evolution remains unknown, Diplozoidae are a remarkably interesting lineage for other types of evolutionary mitogenomic studies.

Project description:The evolution of the Yunnan Plateau's drainages network during the Pleistocene was dominated by the intense uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In the present study, we investigated the association between the evolutionary histories of three main drainage systems and the geographic patterns of genetic differentiation of Poropuntius huangchuchieni.We sequenced the complete sequences of mitochondrial control region for 304 specimens and the sequences of Cytochrome b gene for 15 specimens of the species P. huangchuchieni and 5 specimens of Poropuntius opisthoptera. Phylogenetic analysis identified five major lineages, of which lineages MK-A and MK-B constrained to the Mekong River System, lineages RL and LX to the Red River System, and lineage SW to the Salween River System. The genetic distance and network analysis detected significant divergences among these lineages. Mismatch distribution analysis implied that the population of P. huangchuchieni underwent demographic stability and the lineage MK-B, sublineages MK-A1 and LX-1 underwent a recent population expansion. The divergence of the 5 major lineages was dated back to 0.73-1.57 MYA.Our results suggest that P. opisthoptera was a paraphyletic group of P. huangchuchieni. The phylogenetic pattern of P. huangchuchieni was mostly associated with the drainage's structures and the geomorphological history of the Southwest Yunnan Plateau. Also the differentiation of the major lineages among the three drainages systems coincides with the Kunlun-Yellow River Movement (1.10-0.60 MYA). The genetic differentiation within river basins and recent demographical expansions that occurred in some lineages and sublineages are consistent with the palaeoclimatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. Additionally, our results also suggest that the populations of P. huangchuchieni had keep long term large effective population sizes and demographic stability in the recent evolutionary history, which may be responsible for the high genetic diversity and incomplete lineages sorting of Poropuntius huangchuchieni.

Project description:BACKGROUND:As the topologies produced by previous molecular and morphological studies were contradictory and unstable (polytomy), evolutionary relationships within the Diplozoidae family and the Monogenea class (controversial relationships among the Discocotylinea, Microcotylinea and Gastrocotylinea suborders) remain unresolved. Complete mitogenomes carry a relatively large amount of information, sufficient to provide a much higher phylogenetic resolution than traditionally used morphological traits and/or single molecular markers. However, their implementation is hampered by the scarcity of available monogenean mitogenomes. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized mitogenomes belonging to three Diplozoidae family species, and conducted comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses for the entire Monogenea class. RESULTS:Taxonomic identification was inconclusive, so two of the species were identified merely to the genus level. The complete mitogenomes of Sindiplozoon sp. and Eudiplozoon sp. are 14,334 bp and 15,239 bp in size, respectively. Paradiplozoon opsariichthydis (15,385 bp) is incomplete: an approximately 2000 bp-long gap within a non-coding region could not be sequenced. Each genome contains the standard 36 genes (atp8 is missing). G?+?T content and the degree of GC- and AT-skews of these three mitogenome (and their individual elements) were higher than in other monogeneans. nad2, atp6 and nad6 were the most variable PCGs, whereas cox1, nad1 and cytb were the most conserved. Mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis, conducted using concatenated amino acid sequences of all PCGs, indicates that evolutionary relationships of the three genera are: (Eudiplozoon, (Paradiplozoon, Sindiplozoon)); and of the three suborders: (Discocotylinea, (Microcotylinea, Gastrocotylinea)). These intergeneric relationships were also supported by the skewness and principal component analyses. CONCLUSIONS:Our results show that nad2, atp6 and nad6 (fast-evolving) would be better candidates than cox1 (slow-evolving) for species identification and population genetics studies in Diplozoidae. Nucleotide bias and codon and amino acid usage patterns of the three diplozoid mitogenomes are more similar to cestodes and trematodes than to other monogenean flatworms. This unusual mutational bias was reflected in disproportionately long branches in the phylogram. Our study offsets the scarcity of molecular data for the subclass Polyopisthocotylea to some extent, and might provide important new insights into the evolutionary history of the three genera and three suborders.

Project description:BackgroundEctoparasites from the family Diplozoidae (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) belong to obligate haematophagous helminths of cyprinid fish. Current knowledge of these worms is for the most part limited to their morphological, phylogenetic, and population features. Information concerning the biochemical and molecular nature of physiological processes involved in host-parasite interaction, such as evasion of the immune system and its regulation, digestion of macromolecules, suppression of blood coagulation and inflammation, and effect on host tissue and physiology, is lacking. In this study, we report for the first time a comprehensive transcriptomic/secretome description of expressed genes and proteins secreted by the adult stage of Eudiplozoon nipponicum (Goto, 1891) Khotenovsky, 1985, an obligate sanguivorous monogenean which parasitises the gills of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).ResultsRNA-seq raw reads (324,941 Roche 454 and 149,697,864 Illumina) were generated, de novo assembled, and filtered into 37,062 protein-coding transcripts. For 19,644 (53.0%) of them, we determined their sequential homologues. In silico functional analysis of E. nipponicum RNA-seq data revealed numerous transcripts, pathways, and GO terms responsible for immunomodulation (inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes, CD59-like proteins, fatty acid binding proteins), feeding (proteolytic enzymes cathepsins B, D, L1, and L3), and development (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, ferritin, and annexin). LC-MS/MS spectrometry analysis identified 721 proteins secreted by E. nipponicum with predominantly immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions (peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, homolog to SmKK7, tetraspanin) and ability to digest host macromolecules (cathepsins B, D, L1).ConclusionsIn this study, we integrated two high-throughput sequencing techniques, mass spectrometry analysis, and comprehensive bioinformatics approach in order to arrive at the first comprehensive description of monogenean transcriptome and secretome. Exploration of E. nipponicum transcriptome-related nucleotide sequences and translated and secreted proteins offer a better understanding of molecular biology and biochemistry of these, often neglected, organisms. It enabled us to report the essential physiological pathways and protein molecules involved in their interactions with the fish hosts.

Dataset Information

Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) from Sikukia gudgeri (Cyprinidae, Barbinae) in southwest China.

Publications

Paradiplozoon yunnanensis n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) from Sikukia gudgeri (Cyprinidae, Barbinae) in southwest China.

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