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Market share and recent hiring trends in anthropology faculty positions.

ABSTRACT: Between 1985 and 2014, the number of US doctoral graduates in Anthropology increased from about 350 to 530 graduates per year. This rise in doctorates entering the work force along with an overall decrease in the numbers of tenure-track academic positions has resulted in highly competitive academic job market. We estimate that approximately79% of US anthropology doctorates do not obtain tenure-track positions at BA/BS, MA/MS, and PhD institutions in the US. Here, we examine where US anthropology faculty obtained their degrees and where they ultimately end up teaching as tenure-track faculty. Using data derived from the 2014-2015 AnthroGuide and anthropology departmental web pages, we identify and rank PhD programs in terms of numbers of graduates who have obtained tenure-track academic jobs; examine long-term and ongoing trends in the programs producing doctorates for the discipline as a whole, as well as for the subfields of archaeology, bioanthropology, and sociocultural anthropology; and discuss gender inequity in academic anthropology within the US.

SUBMITTER: Speakman RJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6135356 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Market share and recent hiring trends in anthropology faculty positions.

Speakman Robert J RJ Hadden Carla S CS Colvin Matthew H MH Cramb Justin J Jones K C KC Jones Travis W TW Lulewicz Isabelle I Napora Katharine G KG Reinberger Katherine L KL Ritchison Brandon T BT Edwards Alexandra R AR Thompson Victor D VD

PloS one 20180912 9

Between 1985 and 2014, the number of US doctoral graduates in Anthropology increased from about 350 to 530 graduates per year. This rise in doctorates entering the work force along with an overall decrease in the numbers of tenure-track academic positions has resulted in highly competitive academic job market. We estimate that approximately79% of US anthropology doctorates do not obtain tenure-track positions at BA/BS, MA/MS, and PhD institutions in the US. Here, we examine where US anthropology ...[more]

PMID: 30208048

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Project description:BackgroundTo assess the extent to which foreign pharmaceutical imports vary from year to year and identifying leading generic and branded formulations, key countries and key importers of pharmaceuticals in private sector supply chain.MethodologyA systematic analysis of data for pharmaceutical imports from the Ministry of Health.Data from 2013 to 2016 fiscal years and relevant documents were accessed from the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (TFDA). Data cleaning was carried out to remove duplicate entries and to exclude pharmaceutical imports for individual uses, promotion purpose, donations, raw material, medical devices, government institutions and veterinary products.ResultsA total of 397 different suppliers imported pharmaceutical in Tanzania mainland from 2013 to 2016 fiscal years. In the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the private sector suppliers imported pharmaceutical worth 216 U.S million dollars. India ranked as the first country for exporting highest value of pharmaceutical into the country. It displays a 54% cumulative market share of total imports from 2013-2016, followed by Egypt (11.7%), Switzerland and the USA hold 4.1% of cumulative market share. By 2020-2021 fiscal years, we forecast for imported pharmaceuticals to reach a total value of 906 U.S million dollars for the private sector supply chain. All analysis in this study and the forecasted figures are limited to private sector pharmaceutical supply chain only and does not include data for government pharmaceutical supply chain.ConclusionsOur result shows that the vast majority of pharmaceutical imports in the private sector supply chain are dominated by imports from India. India is competing with other countries such as Egypt, Switzerland, USA and South Africa among the top importing countries. There was almost an equal distribution of pharmaceutical for both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Data presented shows a growing trend for the market segment for medicines required for the management of non-communicable diseases. Generally, the private sector pharmaceutical market is keeping on rising at a rapid pace. By the year 2021, the growth is forecasted to increase by 28% compared to the current market value. The projected growth rate could be good news for foreign pharmaceutical companies seeking new sources of growth in international pharmaceutical trading. It is also good news to the poor patients if the availability of drugs previously unavailable in the country is significantly increased.

Project description:Background: Factors like the number of biosimilar competitors and competitive pricing strategies from originator companies may influence price competition and biosimilar uptake. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze multiple facets of biosimilar competition of TNF-alpha inhibitors in Europe by exploring the existence of a biosimilar first-mover advantage, pricing strategies of originator companies, and the evolution in patient access. Methods: Sales and volume data on biosimilar and originator infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab between 2008 and 2020 were provided by IQVIA. Countries included 24 European Union Member States, Norway, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sales value was expressed as ex-manufacturer price per defined daily dose (DDD), and volume data were transformed into the number of DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day. Descriptive analyses were conducted based on the evolution in price per DDD, trends in biosimilar and originator market shares and utilization trends. Results: Market entry of the first biosimilars of infliximab and adalimumab resulted in a decrease of the volume-weighted average price (VWAP) per DDD by 13.6% and 0.9% on average, whilst the second biosimilars resulted in a decrease by 26.4% and 27.3%, respectively. The first and second etanercept biosimilars generated a similar decrease in the VWAP per DDD by 9.3% and 9.1% on average, respectively. Average market share captured by the first biosimilars was at least twice as large as the second biosimilars for all molecules. In addition, sharp reductions in price per DDD of Humira® in most countries indicated a pricing strategy resulting in low uptake of adalimumab biosimilars. Lastly, utilization of infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab following biosimilar entry increased by an average of 88.9%, 14.6%, and 22.4%, respectively. However, introduction of (multiple) biosimilar competitors did not necessarily translate into increase in treatment access for all three molecules across some European countries indicating a shift in utilization from one molecule towards the other(s). Conclusion: Overall, this study revealed that biosimilar entry results in increased utilization and price reduction, although at a heterogenous rate among TNF-alpha inhibitors. Observed trends in market shares indicate a biosimilar first-mover advantage whereas pricing strategies considered to be anti-competitive can limit market uptake.

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Market share and recent hiring trends in anthropology faculty positions.

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Market share and recent hiring trends in anthropology faculty positions.

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