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Profile of atezolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: patient selection and perspectives.

ABSTRACT: Programed cell death-1/programed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade represents an affirmed reality in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 agent, figures among the drugs that provide previously unenvisaged outcomes in the pretreated setting of metastatic NSCLC. Increasing evidence vouches for the early administration of PD-1/PD-L1 blockers in untreated patients, encompassing atezolizumab combinations with chemotherapy and the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab. Moreover, the development of atezolizumab allowed to derive several hints regarding clinical and immunological factors predictive of its activity and efficacy, some of them exclusive among this class of drugs. This review provides an overview of atezolizumab development throughout clinical trials toward its applicability in the routine practice, with a particular focus on patient selection based on clinical and immune-related factors.

SUBMITTER: Facchinetti F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6137949 | biostudies-literature | 2018

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Profile of atezolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: patient selection and perspectives.

Facchinetti Francesco F Bordi Paola P Leonetti Alessandro A Buti Sebastiano S Tiseo Marcello M

Drug design, development and therapy 20180910

Programed cell death-1/programed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade represents an affirmed reality in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 agent, figures among the drugs that provide previously unenvisaged outcomes in the pretreated setting of metastatic NSCLC. Increasing evidence vouches for the early administration of PD-1/PD-L1 blockers in untreated patients, encompassing atezolizumab combinations with chemotherapy and the anti-a ...[more]

PMID: 30237696

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Project description:Lung cancer is the leading killer of both men and women in the US, and the 5-year survival remains poor. However, the approval of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has shifted the treatment paradigm and provides hope for improved survival. The ability of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to evade the host immune system can be overcome by agents such as pembrolizumab (MK-3475/lambrolizumab), which is a monoclonal antibody targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor. In early studies, treatment with pembrolizumab led to dramatic and durable responses in select patients (PD-L1+ tumors). This remarkable efficacy lead to approval of pembrolizumab in the second-line setting as response rates were almost doubled compared to standard of care (SOC) chemotherapy. Most recently, data in the first-line setting from the KEYNOTE-024 study have redefined the SOC therapy for a selected subset of patients. In patients with ≥50% PD-L1+ tumors, pembrolizumab had a clear progression-free survival and overall survival benefit. Toxicity was mostly immune related and similar to checkpoint blockade toxicities observed in previous studies. The initial approval and subsequent studies of pembrolizumab required and utilized a companion diagnostic test, Dako's IHC 22C3, to assess PD-L1 status of patients. The evaluation and scoring system of this assay has been used by other companies as a reference to develop their own assays, which may complicate selection of patients. Finally, the impact of pembrolizumab in NSCLC is growing as evidenced by the numerous, ongoing trials open for combinations with chemotherapy, chemoradiation, other immunotherapeutics, immunomodulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, hypomethylating agents, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Further studies are also evaluating pembrolizumab in small-cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. This explosion of studies truly conveys the lack of therapeutic answers for lung cancer patients and the promise of pembrolizumab.

Project description:INTRODUCTION:Advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a severe disease with burdensome symptoms and traditionally poor outcomes. The treatment of advance disease is based on chemotherapy, with the recent addition of immunotherapy. Patients who respond to initial treatment can opt to receive maintenance therapy (MT). It is important to understand why patients with advanced NSCLC choose to accept or refuse therapy, and how physician recommendations play into this decision-making process. This study characterized patient and physician decision-making regarding treatment for patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC in the USA using the example of MT. METHODS AND MATERIALS:This study employed multiple approaches: patient interviews, a patient survey, and a physician survey. Qualitative interviews were conducted among patients who had been offered MT to identify factors influencing treatment decision-making. The patient survey explored the decision-making process and quantified challenges and motivators for receiving MT. The physician survey included a discrete choice experiment to understand the relationship between physician treatment recommendations and patient characteristics. RESULTS:Interviewed patients (n?=?10) were motivated to receive MT in the hope of extending their lives and being proactive against their cancer, and they anticipated reduced adverse effects compared with first-line therapy. Surveyed patients (n?=?77) described several deterrents to receiving therapy; the most prominent was severity of adverse effects, which was an influencing factor for 34% of patients. The major motivator for receiving therapy was the potential to extend life, which influenced 97% of patients. A total of 100 oncologists participated in the physician survey. Patients' lack of treatment motivation/inconvenience, disease progression, presence of severe renal co-morbidities, and older age decreased the likelihood of physicians recommending the use of MT. CONCLUSION:This study identified challenges and motivators influencing advanced NSCLC patients' decisions to accept or refuse therapy, as well as patient and disease characteristics associated with physician's treatment recommendations for MT.

Project description:Systemic treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has undergone remarkable changes in the last decade, with the introduction of targeted therapies and immunotherapy. The identification of activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene (deletions in exon 19 [Del19] and point mutation L858R in exon 21) has been the first important step toward molecularly guided precision therapy in lung cancer. Several randomized trials comparing EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) to standard chemotherapy in first-line treatment of advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC showed significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) and in response rate, with lower rates of adverse events (AEs) and better symptom control. However, none of these trials showed significant improvement in overall survival (OS). Despite impressive responses with EGFR-TKI, disease invariably progresses after 9 to 13 months, due to acquired resistance. Dacomitinib is a potent, irreversible, highly selective, second-generation EGFR-TKI, which inhibits the signaling from both heterodimers and homodimers of all the members of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family. Here, we review the clinical development of dacomitinib from phase I to phase III, with particular attention to its toxicity and on its activity on T790M mutation. Then, we critically examine the results of ARCHER 1050, a study that was crucial for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. ARCHER 1050 was the first randomized phase III study comparing dacomitinib with gefitinib, in first-line treatment of patients with advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC. Dacomitinib was superior to gefitinib in terms of primary end-point (14.7 vs 9.2 months) and OS (34.1 vs 26.8 months). The incidence of diarrhea, skin rash, mucositis and, consequently, dose reductions was higher with dacomitinib, while hepatic toxicity was higher with gefitinib. Dacomitinib constitutes one of the standard first-line options in patients with advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC.

Dataset Information

Profile of atezolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: patient selection and perspectives.

Publications

Profile of atezolizumab in the treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: patient selection and perspectives.

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