Finite element analysis of the foot: Stress and displacement shielding.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Filardi V
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6139004 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Objectivethis study aims to develop a comprehensive 3D FE model of the foot to investigate the effect of soft tissue stiffness on the plantar pressure distributions and the internal load transfer between bony structures.Methodsthe stress shielding occurring on the plantar surface of a flatfoot was investigated and compared with the mechanical behavior of a healthy foot, trough baropodometric analyses and the FE models.Resultsthe flatfoot evidences a more intensive stress-shielding map with significant values of pressure acting on the medial plantar fascia.ConclusionClinically and radiographically, symptomatic adult flatfoot is a complex abnormality involving all three dimensions and multiple joints within the foot.
| S-EPMC6104143 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A three-dimensional model of the left acetabulum with inserted threaded cup has been generated, based on the finite element method, to calculate stress patterns in the standing phase during walking. In this study, a hemispherical cup with sharp threads, a parabolic cup with flat threads and a conical cup with sharp threads were analysed and compared. Stress patterns in both implant components and adjacent bony structures were calculated in a directly postoperative situation. The different cups were found to induce different stress patterns, deformations and shifting tendencies. The inlays deform notably and show characteristic rotational movement patterns together with the shell. The inclination angle increases in the hemispherical cup and decreases in the parabolic cup. The conical cup levers outward almost parallel to the bone stock by approximately 0.05 mm. The pole surfaces of the various cups - especially the very convex area next to the threads - induce increased compressive stress in the superior section of the acetabular base. This is increased by a factor of three in the conical cup in comparison to the hemispherical cup and less so in comparison to the parabolic cup. This study illustrates that three-dimensional stress calculations are suitable for procuring additional biomechanical information to augment clinical studies, for evaluating implants and for establishing stability prognoses, especially for newly developed prototypes.
| S-EPMC2269023 | biostudies-other
Project description:The estimation of local and structural mechanical properties of bones with micro Finite Element (microFE) models based on Micro Computed Tomography images depends on the quality bone geometry is captured, reconstructed and modelled. The aim of this study was to validate microFE models predictions of local displacements for vertebral bodies and to evaluate the effect of the elastic tissue modulus on model's predictions of axial forces. Four porcine thoracic vertebrae were axially compressed in situ, in a step-wise fashion and scanned at approximately 39?m resolution in preloaded and loaded conditions. A global digital volume correlation (DVC) approach was used to compute the full-field displacements. Homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic microFE models were generated with boundary conditions assigned from the interpolated displacement field measured from the DVC. Measured and predicted local displacements were compared for the cortical and trabecular compartments in the middle of the specimens. Models were run with two different tissue moduli defined from microindentation data (12.0GPa) and a back-calculation procedure (4.6GPa). The predicted sum of axial reaction forces was compared to the experimental values for each specimen. MicroFE models predicted more than 87% of the variation in the displacement measurements (R2 = 0.87-0.99). However, model predictions of axial forces were largely overestimated (80-369%) for a tissue modulus of 12.0GPa, whereas differences in the range 10-80% were found for a back-calculated tissue modulus. The specimen with the lowest density showed a large number of elements strained beyond yield and the highest predictive errors. This study shows that the simplest microFE models can accurately predict quantitatively the local displacements and qualitatively the strain distribution within the vertebral body, independently from the considered bone types.
| S-EPMC5507408 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cleft lips and cleft palates are the most common birth defects in newborns. Pre-surgical correction of unilateral and bilateral cleft lips and palates has been the subject of interest of many previous works. This condition has necessitated the evolution of many surgical and non-surgical techniques to mitigate the problem of this deformity in children. In this study, we proposed a new architecture that can be used instead of the conventional pre-surgical treatment. The proposed architecture has mechanical and electronic parts. This architecture was adopted to apply external stress to the cleft bones and cleft edges using an airbag that is located in the mechanical part. The amount of air in the airbag can be controlled by an available control unit in the electronic part. The effect of external stress on the cleft bones and the cleft edges was analyzed by using the finite element analysis (FEA) method. The FEA study aimed to analyze the displacement, amount of tensile and compressive forces, and Von Mises stress distributions on the cleft bones, cleft edges, nasal septum, and superior alveolar part of the maxillary jaw of unilateral and bilateral cleft models during pre-surgical treatment with the novel architecture. The results show that displacement and stress affected the clefts of both models. Displacement had a significant effect of gradually bringing the clefts closer to each other and returning them to the posterior. The analysis also investigated the effects of stress on the cleft bone and cleft edge. It was found from the results that the stresses helped to bring the incisions closer to the most appropriate position for plastic surgeons. The results prove that the positive and negative X-displacements move in the opposite direction, which means that the cleft edges gradually converge toward each other. Moreover, the negative Z-displacement affected the movement of cleft bones and cleft edges from outside to inside and gradually returned them to a suitable position. The findings show that the proposed architecture can be contributed to the pre-surgical treatment of the unilateral and bilateral clefts as an alternative to the traditional method.
| S-EPMC8699834 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionFoot and ankle impact injury is common in geriatric trauma and often leads to fracture of rearfoot, including calcaneus and talus. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of foot impact on the risk of calcaneus and talus fracture via finite element analysis.MethodsA three-dimensional finite element model of foot and ankle was constructed based on magnetic resonance images of a female aged 28. The foot sustained a 7-kg passive impact through a foot plate. The simulated impact velocities were from 2.0 to 7.0 m/s with 1.0 m/s interval.ResultsAt 5.0 m/s impact velocity, the maximum von Mises stress of the trabecular calcaneus and talus were 3.21MPa and 2.41MPa respectively, while that of the Tresca stress were 3.46MPa and 2.55MPa. About 94% and 84% of the trabecular calcaneus and talus exceeded the shear yielding stress, while 21.7% and 18.3% yielded the compressive stress. The peak stresses were distributed around the talocalcaneal articulation and the calcaneal tuberosity inferiorly, which corresponded to the common fracture sites.ConclusionsThe prediction in this study showed that axial compressive impact at 5.0 m/s could produce considerable yielding of trabecular bone in both calcaneus and talus, dominantly by shear and compounded with compression that predispose the rearfoot in the risk of fracture. This study suggested the injury pattern and fracture mode of high energy trauma that provides insights in injury prevention and fracture management.
| S-EPMC4847902 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOver the past two decades finite element (FE) analysis has become a popular tool for researchers seeking to simulate the biomechanics of the healthy and diabetic foot. The primary aims of these simulations have been to improve our understanding of the foot's complicated mechanical loading in health and disease and to inform interventions designed to prevent plantar ulceration, a major complication of diabetes. This article provides a systematic review and summary of the findings from FE analysis-based computational simulations of the diabetic foot.MethodsA systematic literature search was carried out and 31 relevant articles were identified covering three primary themes: methodological aspects relevant to modelling the diabetic foot; investigations of the pathomechanics of the diabetic foot; and simulation-based design of interventions to reduce ulceration risk.ResultsMethodological studies illustrated appropriate use of FE analysis for simulation of foot mechanics, incorporating nonlinear tissue mechanics, contact and rigid body movements. FE studies of pathomechanics have provided estimates of internal soft tissue stresses, and suggest that such stresses may often be considerably larger than those measured at the plantar surface and are proportionally greater in the diabetic foot compared to controls. FE analysis allowed evaluation of insole performance and development of new insole designs, footwear and corrective surgery to effectively provide intervention strategies. The technique also presents the opportunity to simulate the effect of changes associated with the diabetic foot on non-mechanical factors such as blood supply to local tissues.DiscussionWhile significant advancement in diabetic foot research has been made possible by the use of FE analysis, translational utility of this powerful tool for routine clinical care at the patient level requires adoption of cost-effective (both in terms of labour and computation) and reliable approaches with clear clinical validity for decision making.
| S-EPMC4188702 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background/objectiveUntil 2010, adults underwent surgical treatment for maxillary expansion; however, with the advent of micro-implant-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (MARME), the availability of less invasive treatment options has increased. Nevertheless, individuals with severe transverse maxillary deficiency do not benefit from this therapy. This has aroused interest in creating a new device that allows the benefit of maxillary expansion for these individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three MARME models according to tension points, force distribution, and areas of concentration in the craniofacial complex when transverse forces are applied using finite element analysis.Materials and methodsDigital modeling of the three MARME models was performed. Model A comprised five components: one body screw expander and four adjustable arms with rings for mini-implant insertion. These arms have an individualized height adjustment that allows MARME positioning according to the patient's palatal anatomy, thereby preventing body screw expander collision with the lateral mucosa in severe cases of maxillary deficiency. Model B was a maxillary expander with screw rings joined to the body, and model C was similar to model B, except that model C had open rings for the insertion of the mini-implants. Through the MEF (Ansys software), the stresses, distribution, and area of concentration of the stresses were evaluated when transverse forces of 7.85 N were applied.ResultsThe three models maintained the following pattern: model C presented weak stress peaks with limited distribution and lower concentration area, model B obtained median stress peaks with better distribution when compared to that of model C, and model A showed better stress distribution and larger concentration area. In model A, tensions were located in the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process, which is an important site for maxillary expansion. The limitation of the present study was that it did not include the periodontal tissues and muscles in the finite element method evaluation.ConclusionsModel A showed the best stress distribution conditions. In cases of severe atresia, model A seems to be an excellent option.
| S-EPMC8217479 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Linear repair of left ventricular aneurysm has been performed with mixed clinical results. By using finite element analysis, this study evaluated the effect of this procedure on end-systolic stress.Nine sheep underwent myocardial infarction and aneurysm repair with a linear repair (13.4 +/- 2.3 weeks postmyocardial infarction). Satisfactory magnetic resonance imaging examinations were obtained in 6 sheep (6.6 +/- 0.5 weeks postrepair). Finite element models were constructed from in vivo magnetic resonance imaging-based cardiac geometry and postmortem measurement of myofiber helix angles using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Material properties were iteratively determined by comparing the finite element model output with systolic tagged magnetic resonance imaging strain measurements.At the mid-wall, fiber stress in the border zone decreased by 39% (sham = 32.5 +/- 2.5 kPa, repair = 19.7 +/- 3.6 kPa, P = .001) to the level of remote regions after repair. In the septum, however, border zone fiber stress remained high (sham = 31.3 +/- 5.4 kPa, repair = 23.8 +/- 5.8 kPa, P = .29). Cross-fiber stress at the mid-wall decreased by 41% (sham = 13.0 +/- 1.5 kPa, repair = 7.7 +/- 2.1 kPa, P = .01), but cross-fiber stress in the un-excluded septal infarct was 75% higher in the border zone than remote regions (remote = 5.9 +/- 1.9 kPa, border zone = 10.3 +/- 3.6 kPa, P < .01). However, end-diastolic fiber and cross-fiber stress were not reduced in the remote myocardium after plication.With the exception of the retained septal infarct, end-systolic stress is reduced in all areas of the left ventricle after infarct plication. Consequently, we expect the primary positive effect of infarct plication to be in the infarct border zone. However, the amount of stress reduction necessary to halt or reverse nonischemic infarct extension in the infarct border zone and eccentric hypertrophy in the remote myocardium is unknown.
| S-EPMC3773224 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hemodynamic forces applied at the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells may be redistributed to and amplified at remote intracellular organelles and protein complexes where they are transduced to biochemical signals. In this study we sought to quantify the effects of cellular material inhomogeneities and discrete attachment points on intracellular stresses resulting from physiological fluid flow. Steady-state shear- and magnetic bead-induced stress, strain, and displacement distributions were determined from finite-element stress analysis of a cell-specific, multicomponent elastic continuum model developed from multimodal fluorescence images of confluent endothelial cell (EC) monolayers and their nuclei. Focal adhesion locations and areas were determined from quantitative total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and verified using green fluorescence protein-focal adhesion kinase (GFP-FAK). The model predicts that shear stress induces small heterogeneous deformations of the endothelial cell cytoplasm on the order of <100 nm. However, strain and stress were amplified 10-100-fold over apical values in and around the high-modulus nucleus and near focal adhesions (FAs) and stress distributions depended on flow direction. The presence of a 0.4 microm glycocalyx was predicted to increase intracellular stresses by approximately 2-fold. The model of magnetic bead twisting rheometry also predicted heterogeneous stress, strain, and displacement fields resulting from material heterogeneities and FAs. Thus, large differences in moduli between the nucleus and cytoplasm and the juxtaposition of constrained regions (e.g. FAs) and unattached regions provide two mechanisms of stress amplification in sheared endothelial cells. Such phenomena may play a role in subcellular localization of early mechanotransduction events.
| S-EPMC3251212 | biostudies-literature
Project description:By means of a finite element method (FEM), the present study evaluated the effect of fiber post (FP) placement on the stress distribution occurring in endodontically treated upper first premolars (UFPs) with mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) nanohybrid composite restorations under subcritical static load. FEM models were created to simulate four different clinical situations involving endodontically treated UFPs with MOD cavities restored with one of the following: composite resin; composite and one FP in the palatal root; composite and one FP in the buccal root; or composite and two FPs. As control, the model of an intact UFP was included. A simulated load of 150 N was applied. Stress distribution was observed on each model surface, on the mid buccal-palatal plane, and on two horizontal planes (at cervical and root-furcation levels); the maximum Von Mises stress values were calculated. All analyses were replicated three times, using the mechanical parameters from three different nanohybrid resin composite restorative materials. In the presence of FPs, the maximum stress values recorded on dentin (in cervical and root-furcation areas) appeared slightly reduced, compared to the endodontically treated tooth restored with no post; in the same areas, the overall Von Mises maps revealed more favorable stress distributions. FPs in maxillary premolars with MOD cavities can lead to a positive redistribution of potentially dangerous stress concentrations away from the cervical and the root-furcation dentin.
| S-EPMC7559636 | biostudies-literature