Dataset Information

Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Benzene is an important component of cigarette smoke and car exhaust. Products containing benzene in concentrations greater than 0.1% are prohibited in Europe, but 1% of benzene is still allowed in gasoline. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of urine benzene biomarkers in a sample of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, resident in the period 2013?2014 in Central Italy, compared to other groups. METHODS:The urinary levels of the benzene metabolites S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were determined by means of HPLC with mass spectrometric detection in 1076 subjects. RESULTS:The median SPMA value in smokers was 1.132 µg/g of creatinine while in non-smokers it was 0.097 µg/g of creatinine, and the 95th percentile results were seven times higher. CONCLUSION:The main source of benzene exposure in the studied population was active smoking, however, non-smokers were also exposed to airborne benzene concentrations. The concentration ranges found in this study can be used as a background reference for occupational exposure assessment to benzene by means of SPMA biomonitoring.

SUBMITTER: Tranfo G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6161128 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy.

Tranfo Giovanna G Pigini Daniela D Paci Enrico E Bauleo Lisa L Forastiere Francesco F Ancona Carla C

Toxics 20180711 3

<h4>Background</h4>Benzene is an important component of cigarette smoke and car exhaust. Products containing benzene in concentrations greater than 0.1% are prohibited in Europe, but 1% of benzene is still allowed in gasoline. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of urine benzene biomarkers in a sample of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, resident in the period 2013⁻2014 in Central Italy, compared to other groups.<h4>Methods</h4>The urinary levels of the ...[more]

PMID: 29997369

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Project description:Urinary mono-hydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) are commonly used in biomonitoring to assess exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Similar to other biologically non-persistent chemicals, OH-PAHs have relatively short biological half-lives (4.4-35 h). Little information is available on their variability in urinary concentrations over time in non-occupationally exposed subjects. This study was designed to (i) examine the variability of nine urinary OH-PAH metabolite concentrations over time and (ii) calculate sample size requirements for future epidemiological studies on the basis of spot urine, first-morning void, and 24-h void sampling. Individual urine samples (n=427) were collected during 1 week from 8 non-occupationally exposed adults. We recorded the time and volume of each urine excretion, dietary details, and driving activities of the participants. Within subjects, the coefficients of variation (CVs) for the wet-weight concentration of OH-PAHs in all samples ranged from 45% to 297%; creatinine adjustment reduced the CV to 19-288% (P<0.001; paired t-test). The simulated 24-h void concentrations were the least variable measure, with CVs ranging from 13% to 182% for the 9 OH-PAHs. Within-day variability contributed on average 84%, and between-day variability accounted for 16% of the total variance of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-PYR). Intraclass correlation coefficients of 1-PYR levels were 0.55 for spot urine samples, 0.65 [corrected] for first-morning voids, and 0.77 [corrected] for 24-h voids, indicating a high degree of correlation between urine measurements collected from the same subject over time. Sample size calculations were performed to estimate the number of subjects required for detecting differences in the geometric mean at a statistical power of 80% for spot urine, first-morning, and 24-h void sampling. These data will aid in the design of future studies of PAHs and possibly other biologically non-persistent chemicals and in the interpretation of their analytical results.

Project description:BackgroundXenobiotic metabolites are widely present in human urine and can indicate recent exposure to environmental chemicals. Proper inference of which chemicals contribute to these metabolites can inform human exposure and risk. Furthermore, longitudinal biomonitoring studies provide insight into how chemical exposures change over time.ObjectivesWe constructed an exposure landscape for as many human-exposure relevant chemicals over as large a time span as possible to characterize exposure trends across demographic groups and chemical types.MethodsWe analyzed urine data of nine 2-y cohorts (1999-2016) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Chemical daily intake rates (in milligrams per kilogram bodyweight per day) were inferred, using the R package bayesmarker, from metabolite concentrations in each cohort individually to identify exposure trends. Trends for metabolites and parents were clustered to find chemicals with similar exposure patterns. Exposure variation by age, gender, and body mass index were also assessed.ResultsIntake rates for 179 parent chemicals were inferred from 151 metabolites (96 measured in five or more cohorts). Seventeen metabolites and 44 parent chemicals exhibited fold-changes ≥10 between any two cohorts (deltamethrin, di-n-octyl phthalate, and di-isononyl phthalate had the greatest exposure increases). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate intake began decreasing in 2007, whereas both di-isobutyl and di-isononyl phthalate began increasing shortly before. Intake for four parabens was markedly higher in females, especially reproductive-age females, compared with males and children. Cadmium and arsenobetaine exhibited higher exposure for individuals >65 years of age and lower for individuals <20 years of age.DiscussionWith appropriate analysis, NHANES indicates trends in chemical exposures over the past two decades. Decreases in exposure are observable as the result of regulatory action, with some being accompanied by increases in replacement chemicals. Age- and gender-specific variations in exposure were observed for multiple chemicals. Continued estimation of demographic-specific exposures is needed to both monitor and identify potential vulnerable populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12188.

Dataset Information

Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy.

Publications

Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy.

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