Dataset Information

Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Whether weight gain after smoking cessation attenuates the health benefits of quitting is unclear. METHODS:In three cohort studies involving men and women in the United States, we identified those who had reported quitting smoking and we prospectively assessed changes in smoking status and body weight. We estimated risks of type 2 diabetes, death from cardiovascular disease, and death from any cause among those who had reported quitting smoking, according to weight changes after smoking cessation. RESULTS:The risk of type 2 diabetes was higher among recent quitters (2 to 6 years since smoking cessation) than among current smokers (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.32). The risk peaked 5 to 7 years after quitting and then gradually decreased. The temporary increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes was directly proportional to weight gain, and the risk was not increased among quitters without weight gain (P<0.001 for interaction). In contrast, quitters did not have a temporary increase in mortality, regardless of weight change after quitting. As compared with current smokers, the hazard ratios for death from cardiovascular disease were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.88) among recent quitters without weight gain, 0.47 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.63) among those with weight gain of 0.1 to 5.0 kg, 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15 to 0.42) among those with weight gain of 5.1 to 10.0 kg, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.60) among those with weight gain of more than 10.0 kg, and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.55) among longer-term quitters (>6 years since smoking cessation). Similar associations were observed for death from any cause. CONCLUSIONS:Smoking cessation that was accompanied by substantial weight gain was associated with an increased short-term risk of type 2 diabetes but did not mitigate the benefits of quitting smoking on reducing cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).

SUBMITTER: Hu Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6165582 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality.

Hu Yang Y Zong Geng G Liu Gang G Wang Molin M Rosner Bernard B Pan An A Willett Walter C WC Manson JoAnn E JE Hu Frank B FB Sun Qi Q

The New England journal of medicine 20180801 7

<h4>Background</h4>Whether weight gain after smoking cessation attenuates the health benefits of quitting is unclear.<h4>Methods</h4>In three cohort studies involving men and women in the United States, we identified those who had reported quitting smoking and we prospectively assessed changes in smoking status and body weight. We estimated risks of type 2 diabetes, death from cardiovascular disease, and death from any cause among those who had reported quitting smoking, according to weight chan ...[more]

PMID: 30110591

Similar Datasets

Project description:BackgroundTo reduce their overall substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, smoking cessation is especially important for people with diabetes. However, the effect of weight change after quitting smoking on the long-term health consequences of smoking cessation is unclear. We aimed to examine smoking cessation and subsequent weight change in relation to incident cardiovascular disease events and mortality among adults with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn this population-based cohort study, we analysed data from people with type 2 diabetes from two prospective cohorts in the USA: the Nurses' Health Study (1976-2014) and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2014). We included participants from both cohorts who either had prevalent type 2 diabetes or were diagnosed during the study, and who were either current smokers or never smokers without cardiovascular disease or cancer at diagnosis of diabetes. Information on demographics, newly diagnosed diseases, medical history, and lifestyle factors, including smoking status and weight change, was updated every 2 years through validated questionnaires. We assessed the incidence of cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among recent quitters (within 6 years of stopping) and long-term quitters (>6 years) associated with weight change within 6 years of smoking cessation among people with type 2 diabetes. We did a multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations of smoking cessation and weight change on the outcomes.FindingsOf 173 229 total cohort participants (121 700 from the Nurses' Health Study and 51 529 from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study), 10 809 people with type 2 diabetes were included in the incident cardiovascular disease analysis and 9688 were included in the mortality analysis. 2580 incident cases of cardiovascular disease occurred during 153 166 person-years of follow-up, and 3827 deaths occurred during 152 811 person-years of follow-up. Recent quitters (2-6 consecutive years since smoking cessation) without weight gain within the first 6 years of quitting had a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular disease than people who continued to smoke (multivariable-adjusted HR 0·83 [95% CI 0·70-0·99] among all recent quitters, 0·77 [0·62-0·95] among recent quitters without weight gain, 0·99 [0·70-1·41] among recent quitters with weight gain of 0·1-5·0 kg, 0·89 [0·65-1·23] among recent quitters with weight gain of >5·0 kg, and 0·72 [0·61-0·84] among longer-term quitters [>6 consecutive years since smoking cessation]). Weight gain within 6 years after smoking cessation did not attenuate the inverse relation between long-term cessation and all-cause mortality (multivariable-adjusted HR 0·69 [95% CI 0·58-0·82] among long-term quitters without weight gain, 0·57 [0·45-0·71] among long-term quitters with weight gain of 0·1-5·0 kg, and 0·51 [0·42-0·62] among long-term quitters with weight gain of >5·0 kg), with similar results observed for cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality.InterpretationSmoking cessation without subsequent weight gain is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality among smokers with type 2 diabetes. Weight gain after smoking cessation attenuates the reduction in risk of developing cardiovascular disease, but does not attenuate the beneficial effect of smoking cessation with respect to mortality. These findings confirm the overall health benefits of quitting smoking among people with type 2 diabetes, but also emphasise the importance of weight management after smoking cessation to maximise its health benefits.FundingUS National Institutes of Health.

Project description:Smoking cessation reduces the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but weight gain that follows quitting smoking may weaken the CVD benefit of quitting.To test the hypothesis that weight gain following smoking cessation does not attenuate the benefits of smoking cessation among adults with and without diabetes.Prospective community-based cohort study using data from the Framingham Offspring Study collected from 1984 through 2011. At each 4-year examination, self-reported smoking status was assessed and categorized as smoker, recent quitter (? 4 years), long-term quitter (>4 years), and nonsmoker. Pooled Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between quitting smoking and 6-year CVD events and to test whether 4-year change in weight following smoking cessation modified the association between smoking cessation and CVD events.Incidence over 6 years of total CVD events, comprising coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular events, peripheral artery disease, and congestive heart failure.After a mean follow-up of 25 (SD, 9.6) years, 631 CVD events occurred among 3251 participants. Median 4-year weight gain was greater for recent quitters without diabetes (2.7 kg [interquartile range {IQR}, -0.5 to 6.4]) and with diabetes (3.6 kg [IQR, -1.4 to 8.2]) than for long-term quitters (0.9 kg [IQR, -1.4 to 3.2] and 0.0 kg [IQR, -3.2 to 3.2], respectively, P < .001). Among participants without diabetes, age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of CVD was 5.9 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 4.9-7.1) in smokers, 3.2 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.1-4.5) in recent quitters, 3.1 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.6-3.7) in long-term quitters, and 2.4 per 100 person-examinations (95% CI, 2.0-3.0) in nonsmokers. After adjustment for CVD risk factors, compared with smokers, recent quitters had a hazard ratio (HR) for CVD of 0.47 (95% CI, 0.23-0.94) and long-term quitters had an HR of 0.46 (95% CI, 0.34-0.63); these associations had only a minimal change after further adjustment for weight change. Among participants with diabetes, there were similar point estimates that did not reach statistical significance.In this community-based cohort, smoking cessation was associated with a lower risk of CVD events among participants without diabetes, and weight gain that occurred following smoking cessation did not modify this association. This supports a net cardiovascular benefit of smoking cessation, despite subsequent weight gain.

Project description:ImportanceSmoking cessation is frequently followed by weight gain; however, whether weight gain after quitting reduces the health benefits of quitting is unclear.ObjectiveTo examine the association between weight change after smoking cessation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and all-cause mortality.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of Australian adults aged 18 years or older who were studied between 2006 and 2014. Smoking status and anthropometric measurements were self-reported annually. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for the association between changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) and the risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes, cancer, COPD, and mortality. Data were analyzed in January 2019.ExposuresAnnual self-reported smoking status; years since quitting.Main outcomes and measuresWeight gain after quitting, incident CVD, type 2 diabetes, cancer, COPD, and all-cause mortality.ResultsOf a total 16 663 participants (8082 men and 8581 women; mean [SD] age, 43.7 [16.3] years), those who quit smoking had greater increases in weight (mean difference [MD], 3.14 kg; 95% CI, 1.39-4.87) and BMI (MD, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.21-1.44) than continuing smokers. Compared with continuing smokers, the HRs for death were 0.50 (95% CI, 0.36-0.68) among quitters who lost weight, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.51-0.98) among quitters without weight change, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.21-0.51) among quitters who gained 0.1 to 5.0 kg, 0.24 (95% CI, 0.11-0.53) among quitters who gained 5.1 to 10 kg, and 0.36 (95% CI, 0.16-0.82) among quitters who gained more than 10 kg. The HRs for death were 0.61 (95% CI, 0.45-0.83) among quitters who lost BMI, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.51-1.44) among quitters without change in BMI, 0.32 (95% CI, 0.21-0.50) among quitters who gained up to 2 in BMI, and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.16-0.45) among quitters who gained more than 2 in BMI.Conclusions and relevanceThis cohort study found that smoking cessation was accompanied by a substantial weight gain; however, this was not associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases or an attenuation of the mortality benefit of cessation.

Project description:Smoking is associated with an increased risk of total and cause-specific death, but the rate of mortality risk reduction after quitting compared with continuing to smoke is uncertain. There is inadequate or insufficient evidence to infer the presence or absence of a causal relationship between smoking and ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.To assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on total and cause-specific mortality in women.Prospective observational study of 104,519 female participants in the Nurses' Health Study with follow-up from 1980 to 2004.Hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality, further categorized into vascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, other cancers, and other causes.A total of 12,483 deaths occurred in this cohort, 4485 (35.9%) among never smokers, 3602 (28.9%) among current smokers, and 4396 (35.2%) among past smokers. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had an increased risk of total mortality (HR, 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.68-2.95) and all major cause-specific mortality. The HR for cancers classified by the 2004 surgeon general's report to be smoking-related was 7.25 (95% CI, 6.43-8.18) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.45-1.73) for other cancers. Compared with never smokers, the HR for colorectal cancer was 1.63 (95% CI, 1.29-2.05) for current smokers and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.02-1.49) for former smokers. A significant association was not observed for ovarian cancer. Significant trends were observed for earlier age at initiation of smoking for total mortality (P = .003), respiratory disease mortality (P = .001), and all smoking-related cancer mortality (P = .001). The excess risk for all-cause mortality decreases to the level of a never smoker 20 years after quitting, with different time frames for risk reduction observed across outcomes. Approximately 64% of deaths among current smokers and 28% of deaths among former smokers were attributable to cigarette smoking.Most of the excess risk of vascular mortality due to smoking in women may be eliminated rapidly upon cessation and within 20 years for lung diseases. Postponing the age of smoking initiation reduces the risk of respiratory disease, lung cancer, and other smoking-related cancer deaths but has little effect on other cause-specific mortality. These data suggest that smoking is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer mortality but not ovarian cancer mortality.

Dataset Information

Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality.

Publications

Smoking Cessation, Weight Change, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mortality.

Similar Datasets

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

Tweets