Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Webber H
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6185965 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:New crop cultivars will be required for a changing climate characterised by increased summer drought and heat stress in Europe. However, the uncertainty in climate predictions poses a challenge to crop scientists and breeders who have limited time and resources and must select the most appropriate traits for improvement. Modelling is a powerful tool to quantify future threats to crops and hence identify targets for improvement. We have used a wheat simulation model combined with local-scale climate scenarios to predict impacts of heat stress and drought on winter wheat in Europe. Despite the lower summer precipitation projected for 2050s across Europe, relative yield losses from drought is predicted to be smaller in the future, because wheat will mature earlier avoiding severe drought. By contrast, the risk of heat stress around flowering will increase, potentially resulting in substantial yield losses for heat sensitive cultivars commonly grown in northern Europe.
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Project description:Wheat is one of the most important cereals, whose growth and development is strongly limited by drought. This study investigated the physiological and metabolic response of six winter wheat cultivars to drought with the emphasis on the induction of dominant metabolites affected by the treatment and genotypes or both. The plants were exposed to a moderate (non-lethal) drought stress, which was induced by withholding watering for six days under controlled greenhouse conditions. A decline in CO2 assimilation (Pn) and transpiration rate, stomata closure, a decrease in relative water content (RWC) and increase of malondialdehyde content were observed in drought-treated plants of all cultivars. These changes were most pronounced in Ellvis, while Soissons was able to retain the higher RWC and Pn. Among the studied metabolites, sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, several disaccharides), organic acids (malic acid, oxalic acids), amino acids (proline, threonine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamine) and sugar alcohols such as myo-inositol accumulated to higher levels in the plants exposed to drought stress in comparison with the control. The accumulation of several metabolites in response to drought differed between the genotypes. Drought induced the production of sucrose, malic acid and oxalic acid, unknown organic acid 1, unknown disaccharide 1, 2 and 3, GABA, L-threonine, glutamic acid in four (Soissons, Žitarka, Antonija or Toborzó) out of six genotypes. In addition, Soissons, which was the most drought tolerant genotype, accumulated the highest amount of unknown disaccharide 5, galactonic and phosphoric acids. The two most drought sensitive cultivars, Srpanjka and Ellvis, demonstrated different metabolic adjustment in response to the stress treatment. Srpanjka responded to drought by increasing the amount of glucose and fructose originated from hydrolyses of sucrose and accumulating unidentified sugar alcohols 1 and 2. In Ellvis, drought caused inhibition of photosynthetic carbon metabolism, as evidence by the decreased Pn, gs, RWC and accumulation levels of sugar metabolites (sucrose, glucose and fructose). The results revealed the differences in metabolic response to drought among the genotypes, which drew attention on metabolites related with general response and on those metabolites which are part of specific response that may play an important role in drought tolerance.
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Project description:A complex regulatory network is the mechanism of wheat roots responding to drought stress at low and adequate phosphorus levels. The transcription levels of genes encoding silicon transporters, phosphate transporters, sucrose synthesis, etc., are mostly up-regulated in Xindong20. The genes encoding the electron transport chain and the respiratory chain are mostly down-regulated in Xindong23. These results suggest that wheat roots should maintain the structural integrity of the cells and reduce the energy metabolism during the coupled stress of drought and low phosphorus, which will help to improve the drought tolerance of wheat. The objective of the present data was to increase the information about the effect of drought on the transcriptomes of wheat root cultured by two phosphorus levels.
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Project description:Salicylic acid (SA) is a promising compound to increase plant tolerance to drought stress, and it can affect many aspects of physiological and biochemical processes. This study was focused on the changes in proteins, photosynthesis, and antioxidant system of Sardari wheat ecotypes leave in response to the application of SA under drought stress conditions. Treatments included Sardari wheat ecotypes (Baharband, Kalati, Fetrezamin, Gavdareh, Telvar, and Tazehabad), salicylic acid at 0.5 mM (controls were untreated), and drought stress (30% of the field capacity). The results showed that membrane electrolyte leakage, and lipid peroxidation of all six ecotypes, were obviously increased under drought stress conditions. On the other hand, drought stress decreased leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency, and transpiration rate. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that the abundance of some protein spots was downregulated when the plants were exposed to drought stress, while other protein spots' abundance was upregulated in such a situation. Under stress conditions, the highest antioxidant enzymatic activity, photosynthetic performance, cell membrane stability, and numbers of protein bands were observed in Baharband and Telvar, while the lowest was related to Fetrezamin. Salicylic acid treatments effectively ameliorated the negative effects of drought stress on Sardari ecotypes through improving the photosynthetic performance, keeping membrane permeability, induction of stress proteins, and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The above findings suggest that ecotype ability to maintain photosynthetic performance was important to cope with drought stress.
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Project description:Drought stress can significantly reduce wheat growth and development as well as grain yield. This study investigated morpho-physiological and hormonal (abscisic (ABA) and salicylic (SA) acids) responses of six winter wheat varieties during stem elongation and anthesis stage as well grain yield-related traits were measured after harvest. To examine drought response, plants were exposed to moderate non-lethal drought stress by withholding watering for 45 and 65% of the volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) for 14 days at separate experiments for each of those two growth stages. During the stem elongation phase, ABA was increased, confirming the stress status of plants, and SA showed a tendency to increase, suggesting their role as stress hormones in the regulation of stress response, such as the increase in the number of leaves and tillers in drought stress conditions, and further keeping turgor pressure and osmotic adjustment in leaves. At the anthesis stage, heavier drought stress resulted in ABA accumulation in flag leaves that generated an integrated response of maturation, where ABA was not positively correlated with any of investigated traits. After harvest, the variety Bubnjar, followed by Pepeljuga and Anđelka, did not significantly decrease the number of grains per ear and 1000 kernel weight (except Anđelka) in drought treatments, thus, declaring them more tolerant to drought. On the other hand, Rujana, Fifi, and particularly Silvija experienced the highest reduction in grain yield-related traits, considering them drought-sensitive varieties.
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Project description:In the southern Great Plains of the United States, winter wheat grown for dual-purpose is often planted early, which puts it at risk for drought stress at the seedling stage in the autumn. To map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seedling drought tolerance, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed on a hard winter wheat association mapping panel. Two sets of plants were planted in the greenhouse initially under well-watered conditions. At the five-leaf stage, one set continued to receive the optimum amount of water, whereas watering was withdrawn from the other set (drought stress treatment) for 14 days to mimic drought stress. Large phenotypic variation was observed in leaf chlorophyll content, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, shoot length, number of leaves per seedling, and seedling recovery. A mixed linear model analysis detected multiple significant QTL associated with seedling drought tolerance-related traits on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6B, and 7B. Among those, 12 stable QTL responding to drought stress for various traits were identified. Shoot length and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence were good indicators in responding to drought stress because most of the drought responding QTL detected using means of these two traits were also detected in at least two experimental repeats. These stable QTL are more valuable for use in marker-assisted selection during wheat breeding. Moreover, different traits were mapped on several common chromosomes, such as 1B, 2B, 3B, and 6B, and two QTL clusters associated with three or more traits were located at 107-130 and 80-83 cM on chromosomes 2B and 6B, respectively. Furthermore, some QTL detected in this study co-localized with previously reported QTL for root and shoot traits at the seedling stage and canopy temperature at the grain-filling stage of wheat. In addition, several of the mapped chromosomes were also associated with drought tolerance during the flowering or grain-filling stage in wheat. Some significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were aligned to candidate genes playing roles in plant abiotic stress responses. The SNP markers identified in this study will be further validated and used for marker-assisted breeding of seedling drought tolerance during dual-purpose wheat breeding.
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Project description:Drought stress induced pollen sterility is a detrimental factor reducing grain number in wheat. Exploring the mechanisms underlying pollen fertility under drought conditions could assist breeding high-yielding wheat cultivars with stress tolerance. Here, by using two Chinese wheat cultivars subjected to different levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress, possible links between pollen fertility and stress tolerance were analyzed under different levels of drought stress at the young microspore stage. In both cultivars, higher grain number reduction was observed under condition of lower water availability. Overall, the drought tolerant cultivar (Jinmai47) exhibited less grain number reduction than the drought sensitive cultivar (Shiluan02-1) under all stress conditions. Compared with Shiluan02-1, Jinmai47 exhibited superior physiological performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic rate, ear carbohydrate accumulation, pollen sink strength, pollen development and fertility under stress. Moreover, Jinmai47 showed a lower increase in endogenous abscisic acid in ears than Shiluan02-1. Furthermore, higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were also found in the drought tolerant cultivar Jinmai47 under PEG stress, compared with the drought sensitive cultivar Shiluan02-1. Changes in these physiological traits could contribute to better pollen development and male fertility, ultimately leading to the maintenance of grain number under drought stress.
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Project description:Drought has been a major cause of agricultural disaster, yet how it affects the vulnerability of maize and wheat production in combination with several co-varying factors (i.e., phenological phases, agro-climatic regions, soil texture) remains unclear. Using a data synthesis approach, this study aims to better characterize the effects of those co-varying factors with drought and to provide critical information on minimizing yield loss. We collected data from peer-reviewed publications between 1980 and 2015 which examined maize and wheat yield responses to drought using field experiments. We performed unweighted analysis using the log response ratio to calculate the bootstrapped confidence limits of yield responses and calculated drought sensitivities with regards to those co-varying factors. Our results showed that yield reduction varied with species, with wheat having lower yield reduction (20.6%) compared to maize (39.3%) at approximately 40% water reduction. Maize was also more sensitive to drought than wheat, particularly during reproductive phase and equally sensitive in the dryland and non-dryland regions. While no yield difference was observed among regions or different soil texture, wheat cultivation in the dryland was more prone to yield loss than in the non-dryland region. Informed by these results, we discuss potential causes and possible approaches that may minimize drought impacts.
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